Signal Transduction

Question 1

What is a primary messenger?

Answer 1

A messenger that activates a receptor on the outside of the cell, and goes no further.

Question 2

What are the steps of signal transduction?

Answer 2

1. Reception of information
2. Transduction of signal
3. Response in gene expression

Question 3

What is the G-protein coupled receptor made of? What are their fates?

Answer 3

3 subunits, Alpha, Beta, and Gamma. Alpha binds to GDP and beta-gamma disassociates.

Question 4

What initiates the Adenylate Cyclase system? What enzyme? What secondary messengers?

Answer 4

The GPCR Alpha-GTP initiates the sequence. It binds to Adenylate Cyclase enzyme. Adenylatae Cyclase makes cAMP, a secondary messenger

Question 5

What initiates the Phospholipase C messenger system? What enzyme? What secondary messengers?

Answer 5

GPCR Alpha-GTP initiates sequence by binding to enzyme Phospholipase C. This then cleaves PIP2 to produce DAG, IP3 and Calcium secondary messengers.

Question 6

What is the purpose of protein kinases?

Answer 6

Can phosphorylate molecules downstream of secondary messengers.

Question 7

How do Receptor Tyrosine Kinases work?

Answer 7

Two tyrosine kinases bind ligands, then come together to dimerize. They then become phosphorylated and pass signal down.

Question 8

What are Cytokine Receptors?

Answer 8

Receptors that bind to Cytokine and control inflammation.

Question 9

What are intracellular or nuclear receptors?

Answer 9

Receptors not bound to a cell membrane.