Cell Injury, Death and Adaptations Flashcards
What is cellular Atrophy?
Reversible Shrinkage of cell size.
What is involution?
Reduces cell number.
What is Hypertrophy?
Reversible Increase in cell size.
What is Hyperplasia?
Reversible increase in cell number.
What is metaplasia?
Reversible replacement of one cell type to another due to persistent injury.
What is dysplasia?
Non reversible replacement of one cell type to another with loss of cellular function.
What are the 3 different types of oxygen deprivation?
- Ischemia=reducedO2 in Tissue
- Hypoxia=reduced O2 in cells
- Anoxia= no O2 at all
What happens the main response to oxygen deprivation?
Decrease in ATP.
What is hydropic degeneration?
Failure of ion pumps in the cell due to lack of oxygen. Causes an imbalance in osmosis and water floods the cell causing it to swell and possibly burst.
What is the process ROC creation and removal?
Excess e- makes reactive O2–>SOD–>H2O2–> Catalase and Glutathione–>H2O
What are 3 main causes of calcium in cellular injury? What is the result?
Mitochondria, Injurious agents, Smooth ER. Results in membrane damage, Nuclear damage, and reduced ATP.
What is Fatty change in a cell?
Accumulation of lipids due to cellular injury.
What are some reversible responses to cell injury?
Swelling, Fatty change, Decreased ATP, Mito swelling, Pyknosis, Membrane alterations.
What are some irreversible responses to cell injury?
Increased Eosinophilia, greater nuclear changes.
What is the difference between necrosis and apoptosis?
Necrosis is messy, leakage of cellular contents.
Apoptosis is clean, packaging of cell contents that get phagocytosed.
What is the progression of nuclear changes in Necrosis?
Pyknosis: Nucleus becomes compact and dense.
Karyorrhexis: Fragmentation of nucleus
Karyolysis: Dissolution of nucleus
What are the 2 ways in which calcification can occur in necroses cells?
- Dystrophic: Something has gone wrong in the tissue.
2. Metabolic: signaling dysfunction leading to calcification.
What tissue is associated with coagulative necrosis?
Kidney, heart, spleen, and adrenal glands.
What tissue is associated with liquefactive necrosis?
Brain
What tissue is associated with caseous necrosis?
Lungs
What tissue is associated with fat necrosis?
Pancreas, breast
What tissue is associated with fibrinoid necrosis?
Arteries.
What is intrinsic vs extrinsic apoptosis? they both activate what enzymes?
Intrinsic=mitochondrial
Extrinsic= Outside signaling
All result in activation of Caspases.
What is the causes of Gangrenous necrosis? What are the 2 types?
Result of hypoxia
- Dry: Dry, crusty, black
- Wet: Cold, Swollen, Black, Foul odor.
