Cytology

Question 1

What is cytology?

Answer 1

Study of sub-cellular structures.

Question 2

What are prokaryotic cells? Eukaryotic?

Answer 2

Pro: Simple, lack membrane bound nucleus
Euk: Complex, Contain bound nucleus

Question 3

What are the double bound organelles?

Answer 3

Nucleus and Mitochondria

Question 4

What are the single bound organelles?

Answer 4

ER, golgi, lysosomes, peroxisomes, phagosomes

Question 5

What organelles are not membrane bound?

Answer 5

Nucleolus, ribosomes, cytoskeleton

Question 6

What are the characteristics of the plasma membrane?

Answer 6

Amphipathic, Selective barrier, Fluid Mosaic

Question 7

What are junctions? Tight, desmosomes, gap?

Answer 7

Junctions:Specialized anchorage points between cells.
Tight: No space between cells.
Desmosomes: Rivets fastening cells together into strong sheets.
Gap: Communicating junctions, provides channels between cells.

Question 8

What does the nucleus contain?

Answer 8

DNA, RNA, Proteins.

Question 9

What happens in the nucleolus?

Answer 9

rRNA synthesis, ribosome assembly

Question 10

What is heterochromatin? euchromatin?

Answer 10

hetero: Tight inactive DNA
Euch: Loose active DNA

Question 11

What are the smooth ER functions? Rough?

Answer 11

Smooth: detoxification, Ion Storage, phospholipid production.
Rough: Protein synthesis.

Question 12

What does the golgi apparatus do?

Answer 12

Site of protein modification and distribution.

Question 13

What is a part of the endomembrane system?

Answer 13

ER, Nuclear envelope, Nucleus, Lysosome, Plasma membrane.

Question 14

What do mitochondria do?

Answer 14

Liberate ATP.

Question 15

What are some endosomal compartments/

Answer 15

Endosome, Lysosome, peroxisome, recycling compartments.

Question 16

What does the cytoskeleton do?

Answer 16

Determines cell shape, locomotion, and provides means of intracellular trafficking

Question 17

What are the three main fibers of the cytoskeleton? Functions of each?

Answer 17

1. Microfilaments (smallest): Cell motility
2. Microtubules :Cilia, Flagella, Spindles
3. Intermediate filaments: cell specific structural proteins.

Question 18

What are the enzymes of DNA replications? Function?

Answer 18

1. Helicase: Unwinds helix
2. DNA Polymerase
3. Primase: priming
4. Ligase: links strands

Question 19

What is the central dogma?

Answer 19

DNA to RNA to Protein

Question 20

What is gene expression?

Answer 20

All genes that are active and inactive in a cell.

Question 21

What can cross the membrane?

Answer 21

Small uncharged (Hydrophobic) molecules.

Question 22

What is simple diffusion?

Answer 22

Low to high concentration that does not require energy

Question 23

What is carrier-mediated transport?

Answer 23

Still low to high concentration, but can be carrier specific or regulated by signals.

Question 24

Active transport?

Answer 24

Against the concentration gradient and requires energy.

Question 25

Vesicular transport?

Answer 25

Transport mediated by a vesicle.

Question 26

Phagocytosis? Pinocytosis?

Answer 26

Phago: “eating”
Pino: “Drinking”

Question 27

G0, G1, G2, S phases?

Answer 27

G0= non mitotic phase, regular cellular function
G1= Most of interphase
S=DNA synthesis
G2= Last minute prep

Question 28

What is the order of mitosis phases and what happens in each?

Answer 28

1. Interphase: DNA unwinds and loosens
2. Prophase: DNA condenses, Nuclear envelope breaks down, Spindle forms.
3. Metaphase: Chromosomes line up in the middle
4. Anaphase: Sister chromatids seperate
5. Telophase: DNA spreads out, Nuclear envelope created, Spindles destroyed.
6. Cytokineses: Separates into two cells.

Question 29

What is apoptosis vs necrosis?

Answer 29

Apoptosis: Programmed cell death
Necrosis: Uncontrolled cell death