Short-term and working memory Flashcards
Define fMRI
a non-invasive brain imaging technique that allows for real time images of changes in oxygenated blood in the brain.
What is a voxel?
cubic volumes of brain imaging that are approx 3mm cubed.
How are voxels used in decoding neural structures and activity?
They are monitored for activity during tasks compared to at rest. They are then highlighted and overlayed on a structural brain image to show which neural regions are active.
What does neural decoding do?
Looks at the patterns of multiple voxels in relation to the stimulus
What did former Queen’s undergrad Frank Tong discover?
That they could predict which visual stimulus was being viewed using neural decoding of voxel patterning.
AND
that maintenance of visual information in working memory is carried out in the visual cortex
Explain the modal model of memory (and say it 3x fast)
Sensory input–>Sensory Memory–>Attention–>Short term Memory–>Encoding/retrieval<–>Long Term memory
(maintenance rehearsal above short term memory)
How long does sensory memory store input?
.3sec for visual
2sec for auditory
What are the two subtypes of sensory memory store?
Iconic (visual)
Echoic (auditory)
How long can short term memory hold?
about 20sec
Compare working memory and short term memory
working memory is a limited-capacity system for temporary storage. Allows for the manipulation of information related to complex tasks like comprehension, learning and reasoning (ordering pizza example)
What did Baddeley see as the structure of STM?
3 components
- Phonological loop (listening, holding verbal and audio)
- Visuospatial sketchpad (holds visual and spatial info)
Central executive in the middle (venn) coordinates by pulling information from the long term memory/phono/vis (traffic cop) by attending relevant info
Define and explain Articulatory Suppression
A type of cognitive interference with the attention span and operation of the phonological loop.
Occurs when asked to engage in a non related verbal task
What did Baddeley later add to his memory model?
Episodic buffer: a backup store that comms with LTM and the 3 components of WM. Holds info longer and has a greater capacity.
Which neural regions are associated with working memory?
PFC (frontal lobe)
Amygdala and Hippocampus (temporal lobe)
Visual Cortex (occcipital lobe)
Working memory is associated with higher performance on
verbal SAT score and reading comprehension
