Perception Flashcards
What are the Gestalt Laws of Perceptual Organization?
Our visual world is innately and automatically organized into groups and objects in a predictable manner.
Seems to be done preattentively
What are the gestalt laws of how we perceive grouping?
Proximity
Colour
Common Motion
Pragnanz (perceived as simple as possible)
Good Continuation
Law of closure (we want to perceive gaps as being filled)
What was Helmholtz’s theory of unconscious inference?
We infer much of what we know about the world.
We perceive the world in the most likely way based on past experience
(bayesian)
Likelihood principle
Oblique effect
We perceive verticals and horizontals more easily than other orientations (oblique angles)
t/F fMRI has shown evidence for more neurons for perceiving hor/vert lines
True
Where does our mind assume that light comes from?
Above. Likely shaped our perceptual experience
What area of the brain responds most strongly to faces? (Kanwisher, Mcdermott and Chun 1997)
Fusiform Face Area (temporal lobe)
the FFA is only specialized for face T/F?
False, dependant on individual experience
What did Gauthier et al explore in 2000?
That the FFA may also respond more strongly to images of things that people are experts on. FFA may be an expertise system.
T/F, the FFA can be trained
True
What is perception?
The conscious experience that results from stimulation of the sense
The inverse projection problem is
the task of determining the object that is cast onto the retina
Our ability to to recognize an object from various viewpoints is called the
viewpoint invariance
The two types of info used in perception are
- environmental energy stimulating the receptors
and
- knowledge and expectations that the observer brings to the situation.
Explain how visual perception occurs from the bottom up?
Looking casts an image on retina
This generates electrical signals that are sent to the visual cortex (occipital lobe)
Learning a language involves the semantics of words AND
the transitional probabilities (which sound follows another in a word)
Bayesian Inference states
our estimate of the probability of an outcome is determined by
1. The prior probable or the prior (our initial belief about the probability of an outcome)
2. The extent to which the available evidence is consistent with the outcome. (The likelihood)
We start with a prior and then use further evidence to update it and reach conclusions
What do Helmholtz and Bayesian have in common?
That we use environmental data and past experiences to determine what we are percieving
Gestalt approach favours
Bottom up processsing
Bottom up is
sensory organ to brain
Top down is
experience and knowledge dependant
brain ablation involves
removing parts of the brain in animals
neuropsychology is
the study of the behaviour of people with brain damage
Removing part of the temporal lobe of a monkey resulted in
difficulty in object choice (neural pathway to the temporal lobe is responsible for objeect ID)
Removing part of the parietal lobe of a monkey resulted in
finding objects or landmarks (path from the striate cortex to the parietal lobe)
What is the “what” path in the brain?
The ventral pathway (lower part of temp lobe)
The “where” part of the brain is in
the parietal or dorsal (upper or back part of an organism)
What did Milner and Goodale propose? (neuropsych findings)
That the pathway from the visual cortex to the temporal lobe be called the perception pathway.
AND
That the pathway from the VC to the parietal lobe be called the action pathway
Top down processing flow chart
Knowledge—-> inference—> prediction—> survival
Explain mirror neurons
MN’s respond in like to our perception of doing something AND doing it ourselves.
