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Jenna's Shit List > Shit list > Flashcards

Shit list Flashcards

1
Q

Karyorrhexis

A

DNA laddering, endonucleases cleave every 180bp in internucleosomal regions. Indicates apoptosis 222

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2
Q

Apaf-1

A

Induces apoptosis; inhibited by Bcl-2 [overexpression of Bcl-2 prevents apoptosis = follicular lymphoma (t;14:18)222

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3
Q

CD95

A

= Fas-R (on T-cells for negative selection)222

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4
Q

Liquefactive necrosis

A

Lysosomal enzymes; brain, abscess, pancreas.223

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5
Q

Casceous

A

Coagulative + liquefactive223

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6
Q

Fat necrosis

A

Lipase; fat cells lose nucleus 223

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7
Q

Fibrinoid necrosis

A

Immune (vasculitis), malignant HTN, pre-exlampsia 223

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8
Q

Cells of acute inflammation

A

Neurophils, eosinophils, antibodies Outcome = recover, abscess, chronic inflammation 225

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9
Q

Cells of chronic inflammation

A

Mononuclear (macrophages and lymphocytes), fibroblasts. Associated with BV formation, fibrosis, granulomas. Outcome = scarring or amyloidosis225

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10
Q

Granulomas

A

Th1 –> IFN-g –> Macro –> TNF-a –> form and maintain granuloma 230

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11
Q

Dystrophic calcification

A

Abscess, fat necrosis, infarcts, thrombi, schistosomiasis, Monkenberg, congenital CMV and toxo (TORCH - cerebral calcifications), psammoma bodies. In abnormal (diseased) tissues226

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12
Q

Metastatic calcification

A

MC in kidney, lung, and gastric mucosa; because increase pH. In normal (healthy) tissues226

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13
Q

Leukocyte extravasation

A

227

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14
Q

Wound healing mediators

A

TGF-a - Epithelial and fibroblast GF; induce and maintain granulomas229

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15
Q

Causes of Granulomas

A

230

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16
Q

ESR

A

Increased: Pregnancy Decreased: HF and hypofibrinogenemia 230

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17
Q

Dialysis-related amyloidosis

A

B2 microglobulin; can present as carpal tunnel 231

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18
Q

Amyloidosis

A

AA = any inflammatory diseases (also FMF) Organ-spec: also meduallry CA thyroid cia calcitonin; AP via prolactin; Atria via ANP231

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19
Q

Desmoplasia

A

Fibrous233

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20
Q

K:L

A

3:1233

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21
Q

Hamartoma

A

Disorganized tissue in correct place234

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22
Q

Choristoma

A

Normal tissue in foreign place234

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23
Q

SM tumours

A

Benign = leiomyoma Malignant = leiomyosarcoma 234

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24
Q

Cachexia

A

IL-1, IL-6, TNF-a, IFN-g234

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25
Q

235-238

A

235-238

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26
Q

235-238

A

DO THEM AGAIN235-238

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27
Q

Psammoma

A

PSMM: Papillary thyroid Serous cystadenoma Mesothelioma Meningioma239

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28
Q

Carcinomas traveling hematogenously

A

Renal cell CA HCC Follicular thyroid ChorioCA234

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29
Q

Lineweaver-Burk

A

242

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30
Q

Lipoteichoic acid

A

Gram + Induces TNF-a and IL-1118

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31
Q

Outer membrane

A

Gram - Site of LPS: Lipid A induces TNF-a and IL-1; O = Ag118

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32
Q

Periplasm

A

Site of beta-lactamases118

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33
Q

Capsule

A

Used for vaccines Polysaccharide (except bacillus anthracis = d-glutamate) K Ag (except salmonella = Vi; s.pyogenes = M)118

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34
Q

Bacterial taxonomy

A

119

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35
Q

No cell wall

A

MycoPLASMA, ureaPLASMA Contain sterols119

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36
Q

Gram stain limitations

A

120

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37
Q

Stains

A

120

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38
Q

Special cultures

A

121

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39
Q

Obligate IC

A

122

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40
Q

Facultative IC

A

“Salamon Needs bruce, My Little France Legionaire Yersinia”122

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41
Q

Encapsulated Bacteria

A

122

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42
Q

Urease +

A

122

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43
Q

Catalase +

A

122

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44
Q

Exotoxins

A

124

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45
Q

Endotoxin

A

125

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46
Q

Gram +

A

127

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47
Q

Gram -

A

135

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48
Q

Zoonotic Bacteria

A

142

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49
Q

Virus trends

A

157

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50
Q

DNA Viruses

A

158

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51
Q

HSV-6

A

Roseola Infantum; 6th disease158

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52
Q

Parvo B19

A

Erythema infectiosum; 5th disease (slap cheek) 158

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53
Q

HPV warts

A

1, 2, 6, 11158

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54
Q

HPV cancer

A

16, 18, 31, 33158

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55
Q

EBV

A

Infects B-cells via CD-21 Downey cells = reactive CD8+ T-lymphocytes159

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56
Q

RNA viruses

A

161

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57
Q

HIV

A

Env: • GP 120 = attachment to CD4+; crosses placenta (FP neonate) • GP41 = fusion and entry Gag: p24 = capsid protein Pol: RT, asp protease, integrase [no proofreading –> drift] CCR5 = macrophages; early infection CXCR4 = T cells; late infection168

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58
Q

A. Influenza

A

EMOP Epiglottitis can be in immunized kids Vaccine conjugated to diptheria toxin or another protein136

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59
Q

Pseudomonas

A

PSEUDDOm Ecthyma gangrenosum DM, burns, hot tub, CF137

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60
Q

Toxo Rx

A

Pyrimethamine + sulfadiazine (or clindamycin if sulfa allergy)150

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61
Q

Systemic micoses

A

Histoplasma = filled macrophage - Mississipi + Ohio Blastomycosis = broad based - Ohio Coccioidiomycosis = spherule with endospores - Cali Paracocciodiodomycosis = captains wheel - Latin America145

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62
Q

Gonorrhea and Chlamydia Rx

A

Ghono: ceftriaxone (3rd gen cephalosporin) Chlam: azithromycin or doxycyclin

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63
Q

Anthrax

A

Has D-glutamate capsule = poly PEPTIDE132

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64
Q

Post-viral pneumonia

A

A. Pneumo, S. aureus, H. influenza

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65
Q

Corynebacterium

A

Has intracellular pyrophosphate granules, stain blue and red Also + ELEK test130

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66
Q

Black eschar

A

Cutaneous anthrax or mucor sp.

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67
Q

Neutropenia

A

Increased risk of Gram -ve infections135

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68
Q

A. Aeruginosa

A

Exotoxin A (EF-2) contributes to ecthyma gangrenosum Also pyocyanin (ROS), elastase, PL-C137

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69
Q

Mycoplasma

A

PM is single PL layer righ in cholesterol No cell wall144

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70
Q

A. Botulinum

A

Heat LABILE Adults: 3Ds = diplopia, dystonia, dysphagia131

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71
Q

Hemolytic anemia

A

Pyruvate kinase deficiency = chronic hemolysis G6PD Deficiency = episodic

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72
Q

Legionella

A

Pneumonia (lobar and unilateral, severe) GI effects (watery diarrhea) CNS (confusion, HA) Increased in smokers/chronic lung disease High fever with relative bradycardia See PMNs but no bacteria (FI)137

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73
Q

IgA protease vs. Protein A

A

Protein A = s. aureus = bind Fc of IgG IgA Protease = SHiN = cleave IgA to allow binding to mucus membranes128+122

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74
Q

Rubella

A

Downward rash, post-auricular LAD TOGAvirus

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75
Q

Salmonella and yersinia

A

Can proliferate in LNs

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76
Q

A. Diff

A

Rx = metro (mild; systemic abs) or vanco (severe; static); recurrent or limited systemic = fidaxomycin 131

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77
Q

A. Perfringens

A

Alpha-toxin = lecithinase = Plase-C131

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78
Q

Mycoplasma

A

No cell wall, so must use ribosome inhibitors like macrolides or tetracyclins

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79
Q

Parvo B19

A

Aplastic anemia in sickle, fifth disease (erythema infectiosum), hydrops fetalis Only ssDNA, non-enveloped

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80
Q

Rabies

A

Bullet shaped Negri bodies Purkinje cells of cerebellum; hippocampal neurons Killed vaccine Binds Ach-R –> retrograde up Bat, raccoon, skunk Fever/malaise –> agitation, photophobia, hydrophobia , hypersalivation –>paralysis ascending and flaccid and coma –> death Spasms cause hydrophobia, aerophobia (fear of flying) and dysphagia 165

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81
Q

A. Aeruginosa

A

Hot tubs and burns! PSEUDDO = pneumonia, sepsis, externa, UTI, DM, drugs, Osteomyelitis Ecthyma Gangrenosum137

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82
Q

A. Viridans

A

Makes dextrans from glucose Binds to damaged valves, at fibrin-platelet aggregates on the damamged valve129

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83
Q

LVG

A

PainFUL Inguinal LAD (buboes)

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84
Q

Mitochondrial DNA

A

Synthesize mitochondrial things only: oxphos proteins, rRNA, tRNA68

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85
Q

GAS

A

Impetigo –> PSGN Pharyngitis –> PSGN and RHD PSGN = 1-5 weeks after RHD = 2-6 weeks after129

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86
Q

HiB Vaccine

A

Conjugated to diptheria Non-typable = no capsule –> mucosal infections136

87
Q

ParvoB19

A

ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM/FIFTHS DISEASE Circumoral pallor (because cheeks are red) [scarlet fever has cp too) Replicated in BM because of high prediliction for RBC precursors 158

88
Q

Enteroviruses

A

Picornaviruses PECH (of PERCH) + EV-D68 and EV-71 PECH = poliovirus, echovirus, coxsackievirus, HAV Cause >90% of aseptic meningitis cases (viral meningitis) Other causes: mumps, arboviruses (161), HSV-2161

89
Q

EF-2

A

Corynebacterium diptheriae Pseudomonas aeruginosa124

90
Q

S. pyo and H. flu markers

A

Strep pyogenes = PRY + (pyrrolidonyl arilamidase) H. Influenza = PRP+ (capsular antigen used in vaccines; polyribosylribitol phosphate)129 + 136

91
Q

ToRCHeS

A

Blueberry muffin = To R C Eyes = To R Ears = R C S175

92
Q

Klebsiella granulomatosis

A

STI granuloma inguinale Donovan bodies138

93
Q

A. Neoformans

A

ID via: • Musicarmine stain • India ink • Latex agglutination • Growth on Saborard’s 147

94
Q

A. Diff

A

Toxin A = enterotoxin = watery diarrhea Toxin B = cytotoxin = colonic epithelial cell necrosis and fibrin deposition (via actin depolymerization) Detect TOXINs in STOOL via PCR131

95
Q

Satellite phenomenon

A

H flu growing around s aureus on blood agarU963

96
Q

Cat + coag - staph

A

S. Epidermidis = novobiocin sensitive S. Saprophiticus = novobiocin resistant 127

97
Q

A. Diptheriae

A

Grey membrane with pharyngitis LAD (bull neck) Myocarditis Arrythmias 130

98
Q

Rubella

A

Rash, fever, post-auricular/cervical LAD, POLYARTHRITIS/ARTHALGIAS163

99
Q

Poliomaviruses

A

Class I, circular dsDNA JC: causes PML BK: in transplant pts, Ms = kidneys, causes nephropathy or hemorrhagic cystitis 158

100
Q

DGI

A

Disseminated Gonococcal Infection Triad: polyarthritis, tenosynovitis, skin nodules (dermatitis) One of the MCC of septic arthritis in young sexually active people136

101
Q

Gohno vs chalm arthiritis

A

ALSO seen post GI infections (salmonela, shigella, campylobacter, yersinia)144 + 432

102
Q

PYR

A

Pyrrolidonyl arylamidase Strep Pyogenes Group D enterococci127

103
Q

Superantigens

A

APC MHC-II ——-beta-region of TCR on T-cell Beta region = variable region, so many T-cell lineages activated –> massive IL-2 Macrophages release Il-1 (fever) and TNF-a (fever and hypotension)209

104
Q

Endotoxins/LPS

A

Macrophages activated DIRECTLY by the LPS @ CD14/TLR4209

105
Q

Ataxia Telangectasia

A

Kid with ataxia (cerebellar degen), occulocutaneous telangectasia, IgA deficiency (also IgE and IgG) so recurrent sinopulmonary infections. Increased AFP215

106
Q

HIV bindings

A

Macrophages = 168

107
Q

Leukocyte

A

227

108
Q

A. Diptheriae

A

Stain granules with aniline dyes or methylene blue130

109
Q

A. Aureus

A

Ferments mannitol127

110
Q

Coag -ve staph

A

Epidermidis = novobiocin sensitive Saprophyticus = novobiocin resistant127

111
Q

HLA

A

201

112
Q

ADCC

A

NK cell expresses CD16 —- Fc of IgG If no inhibitory signal via MHC-I binding, then ADCC initiated (perforin and granzymes) CD56 = unique marker201

113
Q

Somatic hypermutation

A

Read FA201

114
Q

Treg

A

CD3,4,25 FOXP3 Make anti-infl. cytokines202

115
Q

Fas

A

Fas-L on CD8 Fas-R on target cell202

116
Q

T cell activation

A

T-cell CD28 —–B7 (APC)203

117
Q

B cell activation

A

B-cell CD40 ——CD40L (CD4 T-cell)203

118
Q

Fab/Fc

A

Fab = idiotype Fc = isotype204

119
Q

C3b

A

Opsonization AND clearance of immune complexes .: missing (C3 deficiency) = pyogenic sinus and URT infections (encapsulated organisms), and increased type III hypersensitivities (can’t clear complexes)206

120
Q

Superantigens

A

Causes massive cytokine release by Th cells?209

121
Q

Endotoxins/LPS

A

Directly bind macrophages @TLR4/CD14 No Th involvement, just macrophage release209

122
Q

Vaccines with HIV

A

MMR = only live-attenuated to HIV pt.210

123
Q

Adenovirus 4 and 7 vaccine

A

Live NON-attenuated! Give orally, stimulate IgA in GIT, get killed by acid, make IgA to it on ALL mucosal sites 210

124
Q

Component vaccines

A

HepB and HPV210

125
Q

Blood reaction

A

Type I HST: • Allergic - antihist • Anaphylactic (IgA defic) - epi Type II HST • Febrile non-hemolytic - reaction to DONOR HLA antigens and WBCs • Acute hemolytic - intravascular = ABO; extravascular = foreign Ag on donor RBC212

126
Q

Nitroblue tetrazolium dye

A

Fail to turn blue (stay yellow) = + for CGD215

127
Q

Coagulase

A

i.e. s. aureus Activates prothrombin (–> thrombin –> activates fibrinogen –> fibrin –> clot –> holds shit there)128

128
Q

Lecithinase

A

A. perfringens131

129
Q

Tryptase

A

Mast cell component, specific, indicates anaphylaxis

130
Q

Downey cell

A

REACTIVE T-lymphocyte (CD8+)

131
Q

Neutrophil chemotaxis

A

IL-8 C5a Kallicrine LT B4 PAF227

132
Q

Paracortex

A

T cells and dencritic cells

133
Q

CGD

A

Defect of NADPH oxidase See recurrent bacterial and funcgal (Cat +) infections Abscesses/granulomas215

134
Q

Auto-reactive IgM

A

RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS!!!!!

135
Q

ADCC

A

Eosinophils NK PMN Macrophages201

136
Q

Candidiasis

A

Th: prevent superficial candida infections PMNs: prevent dissemination of candida (phagocytose)147

137
Q

Macrophage marker

A

CD14

138
Q

Rifampin

A

Prophylaxis for meningococcal and h. flu B Actually treats TB and leprosy (tuberculoid)188

139
Q

NADPH

A

Glutathione reductoin in RBCs, FATTY ACID SYNTHESIS , CHOLESTEROL SYNTHESIS, STEROID SYNTHESIS, P450 METABOLISM, RESPIRATORY BURST102

140
Q

Differential cyanosis

A

Older child/adult: Cyanosis and clubbing of TOES Via long-term PDA (Eisenmenger) Infancy: Coarctation of the aorta with a PDA289

141
Q

MSUD

A

Leucine –> neurotoxic Isoleucine –> metabolite –> sugar smell 107

142
Q

CMV esophagitis

A

Linear ulcers

143
Q

Amiodarone

A

Class III (with 1-4 features) Does NOT have a risk for torsades (like the other class IIIs and IAs)309

144
Q

A. Anthracis

A

Trimeric toxin: B-component: gets LF and EF into eukaryotic cells EF: activates AC (calmodulin-dependent) –> edema LF: ZINC-dependent, protease, inhibits MAPK signalling –> Apoptosis and dysfunction Also D-glutamate capsule!132

145
Q

SLE

A

SLE can casue pancytopenia via auto-Abs • RBCs = warm agglutinins; positive Coombs, sphereocytes, extravascular hemolysis • Platelets: like ITP • Neutropenia less common433

146
Q

Cranial nerve paths

A

475

147
Q

Congenital long QT

A

Romano-Ward = AD, pure cardio Jervell and Lange-Nielsen = AR, sensorineural deafness283

148
Q

Microtubule inhibitor side effects

A

Vincristine = neurotoxicity Vinblastine = bone marrow suppression411

149
Q

PKU

A

Musty odor, posture/gait problems, eczema, intellectual disability, seizures, fair skinned, tremmors, hypopigmented basal ganglia *probably from foreign country because we heel test at birth AR107

150
Q

Bisphosphonates

A

“dronates” Ppi analong Make hydroxyapatite insoluble and interfere with Ocl activity For OP and Pagets and malignancy-induces hyper Ca AE: erosive esophagitis, jaw osteonecrosis, unchanged in urine445

151
Q

Homocysteinuria

A

Intellectual disability, OP, marfanoid habitus, kyphosis, lens subluxation (down and in), thombosis (a and v), atherosclerosis108

152
Q

Sarcoidosis s/s

A

Restrictive lung disease, lupus pernio, erythema nodosum, bells palsy, granulomas with schaumman and asteroid bodies, uveitis434

153
Q

Polymyositis/dermatomyositis

A

Anti-Jo Anti-SRP Anti-Mi-2 CK Poly: endomysial, CD8, symmetric proximal weakness mc = shoulders Dermato: perimysial, CD4, malar, grottons, helicotrope, shawl and face435

154
Q

Scleroderma

A

Diffuse = scl-70 (topo I); renal, pulm, GIT, cardio Limited = anti-centromere; skin of face and hands + CREST436

155
Q

Skin terms

A

438

156
Q

Cellulitis vs erysipelas

A

Cellulitis = deep dermis and subQ tissue Erysipelas = upper dermis and superficial lymphatics440

157
Q

SSSS vs TEN

A

SJS 30%440

158
Q

Erythema Multiforme

A

441

159
Q

Erythema Nodosum

A

442

160
Q

Acanthosis nigracans

A

Hyperinsulinemia OR visceral malignancies!442

161
Q

Skin cancers

A

Basal cell: sun, UPPER lip, pallisading nuclei Squamous cell: UBV, chronic inflammation, arsenic, immunosuppression; face, hands, LOWER lip, ears; to LN but rare mets • Actinic keratosis = scaly precursor • Keratoacanthoma = variant, grows 4-6 weeks, spontaneous regression Melanoma: ABCDE, S-100, mets (depth = breslow = determining factor), BRAF V600E (Rx = vemurafenib = BRAF-Kinase inhibitor) • Superficial spreading • Nodular • Lentigo Malinga • Acral lentiginous ◦ Subungual (nail) = variant443

162
Q

Ankylosing spondylitis

A

Sacroiliitis, anterior uveitis, aortic regurg, peripheral enthesitis, enthesitis of costovertrbral and costosternal joints –> hypoventilation, 1% apical pulmonary fibrosis432

163
Q

Xeroderma pigmentosum

A

NER defect –> cant repair thymidine-dimers Dry skin with erythema, scaling, hypopigmented regions, and lentigos Later: skin atrophy, telangectasias, hypo and hyper pigmented areas443

164
Q

ACL and PCL

A

ACL: • Connects from posterior femur to ANT TIBIA (medial side) • Prevents hyperflexion (anterior movement of tibia on femur) PCL: • Connect from posterior femur to POST TIBIA (fibular side) • Prevents hyperextension (posterior movement of tibia on femur)416

165
Q

OI

A

Problem with bone matrix formation

166
Q

Tongue muscles

A

XII • Hyoglossus = back and down • Genioglossus = out • Styloglossus = up (swallowing) X • Palatoglossus = lift posterior tongue for swallowing450

167
Q

Bilateral acoustic neuromas

A

NF2451

168
Q

Myelin origins

A

Oligodendrocytes = neuroectoderm Schwann = NCC452

169
Q

Sensory receptors

A

452

170
Q

NTs

A

453

171
Q

Hypothalamus food

A

Increased lat increases fat 454

172
Q

Circadian

A

Controls: NE, melatonin, ACTH, prolactin455

173
Q

Drugs and sleep

A

Delta: alcohol, benz, barb (so can decrease night terrors/sleepwalking) REM: alcohol, benzo, barb, NE455

174
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Striatum = caudate + putamen Lentiform nucleus = putamen + globus pallidus Lentiform = wilsons SNc = perkinsons Caudate = Huntingtons Internal capsule = lacunar infarct STN = hemiballismus Thalamus = thalamic/post-stroke syndrome 458

175
Q

Dystonia vs myotonia

A

Dystonia = sustained contractions Myotonia = brief, suden contractions (liver or kidney failure; seizures)459

176
Q

Parkinsons

A

A-synuclein –> lewy bodies MTPT459

177
Q

Huntingtons

A

CAG chrom 4 Dememtia, choreoform, depression, aggression Caudate degeneration - NMDA-R binding and glutamate mediated Ex vacuo hydrocephalus of frontal horns459

178
Q

Kluver bucy

A

Assoc. with HSV-1461

179
Q

Asomatognosia

A

Ignore half of world Via nondominant parietal-temporal cortex lesion461

180
Q

Gerstmann syndrome

A

Agraphia, acalculia, finger agnodia, left-right disorientation, alexia dominant parietal-temporal cortex lesion461

181
Q

Hippocampus

A

Anterograde amnesia461

182
Q

PPRF lesion

A

Eyes look AWAY461

183
Q

Frontal eye field lesion

A

Eyes look TOWARDS461

184
Q

Blood supply

A

Cingulate gyrus (limbic) = ACA Corpus callosum (interhemispheric connection) = MCA462

185
Q

Brain Autoregulation

A

Relies mostly on CO2 Theraputic hyperventilation = decrease CO2 .: “inc. O2” .: brain vasocontriction .: decrease acute increases in ICP Cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) = MAP - ICP • If MAP decreases • If ICP increases • CAUSES decreased CPP –> brain death463

186
Q

1 Week post-infarct

A

Microglia have moved in –> engulphing stuff –> filled with lipid from myelin467

187
Q

Fragile X

A

2nd MCC mental retardation (FMR-1 gene) CGG repeats MVP85

188
Q

Measles

A

Lymphadenitis with Wethin-Finkeldey giant cells = fused lymphocytes, in background of paracortical hyperplasia Has HA!164

189
Q

Opsoclonus-myoclonus

A

NEUROblastoma N-myc Abdominal mass, irregular, can cross midline Homer-writte rosettes Bombesin and neuron-specific enolase +ve325

190
Q

Uncal herniation

A

CN3 Ipsi or contra CSTr Ipsi PCA = contralateral hemianopsia with macular sparing

191
Q

Buspirone vs. Bupropion

A

Buspirone: • 5HT1A partial agonist • Rx for GAD • No sedation, addiction, tolerance, alcohol interactions, euphoria, hypnotic • JUST anxiolytic • Good for benzo abusing patients (decreased abuse potential) Bupropion: • Atypical antidepressant • Rx depression, smoking • No sexual dysfunction • JUST increases NE and DA via deceased reuptake • AE = amphetamine-like (tachycardia, insomnia), Ha, seizures (especially with history or annorexia/bulemia522 + 524

192
Q

IMAGE

A

U794

193
Q

Lysosomal storage diseases

A

111

194
Q

Striatum

A

Caudate + putamen458

195
Q

Central post-stroke pain syndrome

A

Neuropathic pain Via thalamic lesion Allodynia and dysthesia (abnormal sensations)465

196
Q

Epidural and subdural areas

A

Epidural: CANNOT cross suture lines Subdural: CANNOT cross falx466

197
Q

Intraparenchymal hemorrhage

A

Via: • HTN (MC) - BG + IC via bouchard microaneurisms • Amyloid angiopathy (lobar) • Vasculitis • Neplasm MC basal ganglia or internal capsule (but can be lobar)466

198
Q

Hemorrhagic stroke

A

MC via HTN, antigoagulation, or cancer (abn. vessels bleed), reperfusion injury from vessel fragility467

199
Q

Ischemic strokes

A

Thombotic = MCA via AS plaque Embolic = multiple vascular territories via a fib or DVT with PFO Hypoxic = watershed via CV surgeries (hypoperfusion or hypoxemia)467

200
Q

Pseudotumour cerebri

A

468

201
Q

Leg vs. arm location in spinal cord

A

DC: Leg medial CSTr: Arm medial ST: Arm medial469

202
Q

Neurial and mysial inflammation

A

Neural: • Endoneurium = GBS • (perineurium = needs to be rejoined for surgery) Muscle: • Endomysium = polio AND polymyositis ◦ Anti-endomysium Abs in celiac disease • Perimysium = dermatomyositis

203
Q

Riluzole

A

Rx for ALS (glutamate antagonist)471

204
Q

Polio

A

CSF: WBCs and some protein (NO glucose change) Virus from throat or stool472

205
Q

Brown sequard above T1

A

Horners via oculocympathetic pathway lesion472

206
Q

Dermatomes

A

L1 = inguinal ligament L4 = kneecaps L1-L2 = cremaster L3-L4 = winks galore472

207
Q

Galant reflex

A

Stroke side causes lateral flexion to that side472

208
Q

Colliculi

A

• Inferior = auditory 474

209
Q

CN nucleus lesions

A

5 = jaw TOWARDS 10 = uvula AWAY (collapse) 11 = weak CONTRA 12 = tongue TOWARDS 476

210
Q

Cavernous sinus syndrome

A

• Horners • Variable opthalmoplegia (CN 6 most at risk!) • Decreased corneal sensation • [maybe decreased maxillary sensation if V2 affected] • 
Via: • Pituitary tumour • Cavernous-carotid fistula • Cavernous sinus thrombosis via infection • Cavernous carotid aneurism 477

211
Q

Basilar membrane

A

Base = thin = high frequencies Apex = wide = low frequencies477

212
Q

Cholesteatoma

A

Overgrowth of desquamated keratin debris in MIDDLE EAR Can degrade ossicles 478

213
Q

Bells palsy causes

A

• Idiopathic • Lyme • HSV-1 • HSV-3 (Ramsay-Hunt) • Tumour • DM • Sarcoidosis478

Jenna's Shit List (23 decks)

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