Shit - Behavioural Flashcards

1
Q

Measurement for case-control

A

OR = ad/bc

= have it and risk * not and don’t / have it and don’t * don’t have it but do

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2
Q

Measurement for cohort

A

RR = (a/a+b)/ (c/c+d)

= risk of disease when you have exposure / risk of disease when you don’t have exposure

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3
Q

Phases of clinical trials

A
I = safe (healthy ppl)
II = work - efficacy, AE, dose
III = good/better - common AE
IV = stay - rare/LT AE
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4
Q

sensitivity =

A

= 1 - FN

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5
Q

specificity =

A

= 1 - FP

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6
Q

AR =

A

AR = (a/a+b) - (c/c+d)
= risk of disease when you have exposure - risk of disease when you don’t have exposure
= (RR - R unexposed)/RR

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7
Q

RRR =

A

RRR = 1-RR

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8
Q

ARR =

A

ARR = (c/c+d) - (a/a+b)

= risk of disease when you don’t have exposure - risk of disease when you have exposure

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9
Q

NNT

A

NNT = 1/ARR

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10
Q

NNH

A

NNH = 1/AR

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11
Q

Precision

A

= reliability

decrease with random errors

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12
Q

Accuracy

A

= validity

decrease with systematic errors

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13
Q

Berkson bias vs. healthy worker bias

A

Berkson = study population from hospital is sicker than general population

HWB = study population is healthier than the general population

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14
Q

lead-time vs latent period

A

lead time = find earlier so think it increases survival. Decrease effect with “back-end” survival measures

Latent period = time between intervention and effect. Measuring too soon could prevent you from seeing the result because it hasn’t happened yet

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15
Q

SD %s

A
1SD = 68%
2SD = 95%
3DS = 99.7%
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16
Q

Positive skew =

A

Tail on positive side; Mean > median

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17
Q

Nevative skew =

A

Tail on negative side; Mean

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18
Q

Power =

A

1-beta
= correctly rejecting the null

Increase power (decrease beta) via:

  • increased “n”
  • increased expected effect size
  • increase precision of measurement
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19
Q

Type I error

A

Falsely rejecting the null (FP error)

aka saw a difference when there is none

20
Q

Type II error

A

Failing to reject a false null (FN error)

aka didn’t see a difference when there really is one

21
Q

CI:

A

If CI includes there numbers, then fail to reject null:

Mean difference: 0
OR or RR: 1
Overlap between 2 groups’ CIs

22
Q

T-test

A

comparing 2 groups, numerical data

23
Q

ANOVA

A

Comparing ≥3 groups, numerical data

24
Q

Chi-squared

A

Comparing ≥2 groups, categorical data (i.e. ethnicity)

25
Quarternary prevention
Identify patients at risk for unnecessary treatments
26
Medicare vs medicaid
``` medicare = old, disabled, ESRD Medicaid = very low income ```
27
Parts of medicare:
``` A = hospital B = basic clinic stuff C = A+B via external company D = drugs ```
28
Therapeutic privilege
Withhold patient information if it will severely harm them or undermine their decision-making capacity i.e. woman tells you she will kill herself if she has breast cancer because she watched her mom die from it you find a lump during exploratory surgery and take it out without permission
29
Transfusion on minors of jahovas parents?
YES
30
Power of attorney hierarchy
pt picks someone | pt can revoke this even if they are not competent
31
Surrogate decision makers
spouse > adult child > parents > adult siblings > other relative
32
APGAR
``` Appearance (colour) Pulse (100) Grimace (reflex to stimulus) Activity (tone) Respiration (quality) ```
33
Object permanence age
9 months
34
Positive likelihood ratio
sens/1-spec
35
Negative likelihood ratio
1-sens/spec
36
Parameters affected by disease prevalence
PPV and NPV ex: higher prevalence = more TP = higher PPV higher prevalence = less TN = lower NPV
37
most resistant measure of central tendency to outliers
mode
38
Least vs greatest financial risk methods of doctor reimbursement
Least risk = fee for service: get paid for every test, so order more tests Highest risk = capitation: get paid a set amount per patient and insure the costs for tests, so more primary/secondary care to prevent diseases and catch them early to avoid expensive tests and surgeries
39
Most preventable cause of disease and death in the USA
SMOKING!
40
MCC cancer in women vs MCCD cancer in women
``` MCC = breast > lung > colon MCCD = lung > breast > colon ```
41
matching is used to decrease what type of bias:
confounding
42
attrition bias is a type of what form of bias
Selection bias | (anything that causes a systematic difference between the groups terms of treatment response or prognosis
43
Crossover study design:
case control where you switch the groups half way Limitation = effect from one treatment carrying over. Limit this with a washout period
44
Ecological study
Use populations, not people
45
Power =
= the study's ability to find a difference when one does exist = 1-beta (so beta = the probability of finding no difference when there is one i.e. failing to reject a false null)
46
Hawthorne effect =
Participants altering their behaviour when they know they are being studied