NBME 15 Flashcards
Typical Antipsychotics
Haloperidol, trifluoperazine, fluphenazine, thioridazine, chlorpromazine (haloperidol + “-azines”).
Atypical antipsychotics
Olanzapine, clozapine, quetiapine, risperidone, aripiprazole, ziprasidone. *DOC for schizophrenia
Lithium
bipolar and SIADH
Brain hearing areas
Prader Willi
Maternal imprinting: gene from mom is normally silent and Paternal gene is deleted/ mutated. Results in hyperphagia (need to restrict their food), obesity, intellectual disability, hypogonadism, and hypotonia.
25% of cases due to maternal uniparental disomy (two maternally imprinted genes are received; no paternal gene received).
Angelman
Paternal imprinting: gene from dad is normally silent and Maternal gene is deleted/mutated. Results in inappropriate laughter (“happy puppet”), seizures, ataxia, and severe intellectual disability.
5% of cases due to paternal uniparental disomy (two paternally imprinted genes are received; no maternal gene received).
Guy with epigastric cramps, relieved by eating. Smokes, drinks coffee, has H. pylori. Remove H. pylori. What modification would prevent these symptoms again?
Decreased smoking
EPO
Slipped-strand
Add 1 base
Acetominophen OD causes:
Depleted glutathione
Heme synthesis
Osteoporosis activity levels:
OBL: decreased
RANK-L: increased
OCL: increased
REVIEW ALL OF GLUCOSE SHIT
Cholesterol metabolism
Watch this video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=97uiV4RiSAY
Oseltamivir, zanamivir
MECHANISM Inhibit influenza neuraminidaserelease of progeny virus.
CLINICAL USE Treatment and prevention of both influenza A and B.
NF-Kb path
TNF-a activates IKB
IKB gets phosphorylated
Releases NFKB
NFKB to nucleus
EBV cancers
Burkitt lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, 1° CNS lymphoma (in immunocompromised patients)
Amoxicillin, ampicillin resistance mechanism
Penicillinase in bacteria (a type of β-lactamase) cleaves β-lactam ring.
Supraspinatus
(suprascapular nerve)—
abducts arm initially (before the action of the deltoid); most common rotator cuff injury, assessed by “empty/full can” test.
All pharyngeal arch stuff
Salmonella and Shigella antibiotic effects
Salmonella: prolong infection
Shigella: shorten duration
Normal heart weight
VZV dormant on:
Sensory neurons
Giving blood to immunodeficient patients (i.e. SCID)
Irradiated packed RBCs
thymocyte
T cell progenitors
congenital neutropenia
All values look normal… may seem ot increase…. but the point is neutrophils at low %age of lymphocytes…..
Anti-cholinesterase intoxication (i.e. pesticides). 1st step:
Atropine
(can give pralidoxime after)
Shock
burnt almonds
cyanide poisoning
Wilms tumour
hypervascular
Most common renal malignancy of early childhood (ages 2–4). Contains embryonic glomerular structures. Presents with large, palpable, unilateral flank mass A and/or hematuria.
“Loss of function” mutations of tumor suppressor genes WT1 or WT2 on chromosome 11. May be part of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (Wilms tumor, macroglossia, organomegaly,
hemihypertrophy) or WAGR complex: Wilms tumor, Aniridia, Genitourinary malformation, mental Retardation (intellectual disability).
external hemorrhoids
pain but dont bleed
imatinib
Tyrosine kinase inhibitor of BCR-ABL (Philadelphia chromosome fusion gene in CML) and c-kit (common in GI stromal tumors).
CML and GI stromal tumours
Toxicity = fluid retention
