Sheep & Goat Repro Management Flashcards
1
Q
generally, female ewes/does that are BORN in EARLY SPRING have MORE ____ ____ and reach ___ earlier
A
REPRODUCTIVE EFFICIENCY, PUBERTY
2
Q
if we have a HEALTHY animal, it will be able to ___ more
A
PRODUCE
3
Q
what 4 parameters should we ensure are adequate when assessing health of goat/sheep herd?
A
- BIOSECURITY SOPs
- NUTRITION
- VACCINATION
- PARASITE CONTROL
4
Q
how long should NEW ARRIVALS to sheep/goat herds be QUARANTINED prior to herd introduction?
A
30 DAYS
5
Q
TRUE/FALSE: we only need replacement dams in sheep/goat herds
A
FALSE, we need BOTH REPLACEMENT DAMS AND SIRES
6
Q
when selecting replacement ewes/does, WHEN should these females be born and give 3 reasons why.
A
females should be BORN EARLY IN SPRING
why?
1. REACH PUBERTY EARLIER
2. ideally can BECOME PREGNANT BY 1 YEAR OLD
3. has MORE REPRODUCTIVE EFFICIENCY
7
Q
if a sheep/goat has a HERITABLE CONDITION, what should we do?
A
CULL ANY ANIMALS WITH HERITABLE GENETICS
8
Q
what 5 things should we EXAMINE when performing ROUTINE PEs on sheep/goats?
A
- TEETH
- EYES/CONJUNCTIVA
- UDDER or SCROTUM
- FEET (musculoskeletal)
- BCS on ALL ANIMALS to ensure APPROPRIATE FOR STAGE OF PRODUCTION
9
Q
IDEAL BCS in sheep/goats should be around what value out of what?
A
around 3/5
10
Q
what is FLUSHING during the DRY PERIOD?
A
= when producers SUPPLEMENT BREEDING ANIMALS with GOOD QUALITY HAY, FRESH PASTURE OR GAIN for 2 WEEKS PRIOR and 2-4 WEEKS AFTER BREEDING
11
Q
during flushing…
what is the INITIAL BCS range that’s acceptable?
what is the end GOAL (hint: give a %)?
A
INITIAL BCS = 1.5-2/5
end GOAL = INCREASE OVULATION RATE and therefore LAMBING/KIDDING RATE by 10-20%
12
Q
sheep/goat’s RESPONSE to adequate nutrition depends on WHAT 5 things?
A
- AGE: if more MATURE, have a GREATER RESPONSE
- BREED: PROLIFIC breeds are LESS RESPONSIVE TO NUTRITION
- PRESENT BCS: having a THIN to MODERATE BCS BEST, NOT TOO FAT OR THIN
- if they’ve recovered from LACTATIONAL STRESS or NOT
- STAGE of BREEDING SEASON: respond best EARLY and LATE in season or OUT OF SEASON
13
Q
Rule of thumb: it takes ____ weeks on an ____ level of nutrition to increase a BCS by ____
A
3, INCREASED, ONE HALF-SCORE
14
Q
what is considered an EARLY GESTATION timeline for sheep/goats?
A
1-9 WEEKS
15
Q
at EARLY GESTATION (1-9 weeks), what is…
BCS target range?
what kind of diet should they be on?
AVOID WHAT & give 4 reasons why?
A
BCS target = 2-2.5/5
put on MAINTENANCE DIET
AVOID UNDERFEEDING bc it causes…
1. poor PLACENTAL development
2. reduced COTYLEDON NUMBER
3. ABORTION
4. WEAK LAMBS/KIDS
16
Q
when is LATE GESTATION for sheep/goats?
A
10+ WEEKS
17
Q
in LATE GESTATION (10+ weeks) for sheep/goats…
target BCS range?
SINGLETONS need to increase energy intake by ___%
MULTIPLES need to increase energy intake by ___%
if we OVERFEED during this time, what 3 risks do we have?
if we UNDERFEED at this time, what 3 risks do we have?
A
target BCS = 2.5-3/5
SINGLETONS = need 50% ENERGY INCREASE
MULTIPLES = need 75% ENERGY INCREASE
if OVERFED we risk…
1. HIGH BIRTH WEIGHT –> DYSTOCIA
2. FATTY LIVER
3. RUMINAL ACIDOSIS
if we UNDERFEED we risk…
1. INADEQUATE UDDER DEVELOPMENT
2. POOR QUALITY COLOSTRUM
3. DZ of late gestation –> PREGNANCY TOXEMIA or MILK FEVER
18
Q
PREGNANCY TOXEMIA in sheep/goats usually occurs in ___ gestation (meaning ____ weeks) and is due to ___
A
LATE, 10+, UNDERFEEDING
19
Q
MALE sheep/goats should ALWAYS remain in what BCS range?
what about mineral supplementation for them?
A
3-3.5/5
DO NOT HAVE FREE CHOICE MINERAL SUPPLEMENTATION FOR THEM, be CAREFUL
20
Q
we recommend VACCINATING sheep/goats ____ days ____ lambing/kidding
what 3 diseases do we vaccinate for?
A
vaccinate 30 DAYS BEFORE GIVING BIRTH
3 diseases?
1. CLOSTRIDIUM C & D
2. TETANUS
3. CAMPYLOBACTER
21
Q
besides VACCINES, what other 2 things should we do for PREVENTATIVE care for sheep/goats?
A
- DEWORMING
- COCCIDIOSTAT ADMINISTRATION, especially important for HIGH DENSITY GROUPS
22
Q
when are lambs/kids MOST LIKELY to be infected with COCCIDIA?
A
3-6 WEEKS
23
Q
LASALOCID is approved for use in ___, but is TOXIC to ___ & ___ and used as a ____ ____
A
SHEEP, TOXIC TO DOGS & HORSES, preventative COCCIDIOSTAT
24
Q
when selecting rams/bucks for BREEDING, we should select males that are… (3)
A
- from HIGH-PRODUCING DAMS
- have GOOD GENETICS/CONFORMATION
- have adequate LIBIDO
25
a SINGLE RAM contributes ___-___% of HERD GENETICS and has a ___ influence on them than EWES because...
60-80%, HIGHER
because ONE RAM SIRES MANY MORE OFFSPRING IN 1 YEAR THAN A DAM WILL PRODUCE
26
when should the BREEDING SOUNDNESS EXAM be performed on SHEEP/GOAT SIRES?
we should ONLY select sires with what 2 qualities?
BSE should be performed 1 MONTH PRIOR TO START OF BREEDING SEASON
sires qualities?
1. LARGE SCROTAL CIRCUMFERENCE
2. OUTSTANDING SEMEN QUALITY
27
at the time of BSE, what DIAGNOSTIC should be performed on sires?
if any sires are POSITIVE for this, then what?
ELISA test for BRUCELLA OVIS
CULL ANY POSITIVE RAMS
28
how often should males be TRANSITIONED in a breeding herd, and why?
transition males EVERY 2 YEARS to AVOID INBREEDING
29
recommendations for BRUCELLA OVIS testing in SINGLE-SIRE vs. MULTI-SIRE flocks?
IN BOTH CASES...
SINGLE-SIRE = ram tested at PURCHASE and RETESTED 30 DAYS LATER
MULTI-SIRE = rams tested YEARLY and tested AGAIN at END OF BREEDING SEASON
IN BOTH CASES, if POSITIVE = CULL
30
the male:female ratio in a sheep/goat herd DEPENDS on what?
when would we need MORE males per females? SPECIFICALLY, how many is recommended?
male:female ratio depends on TYPE OF PRODUCTION SYSTEM
if FEMALES ARE SYNCHRONIZED, WE NEED MORE MALES
specifically: >3 RAMS/PEN
31
if a RAM is wearing a MARKING HARNESS, what 2 things must we do to make sure system works?
1. CHANGE COLOR every 17 DAYS
2. give DIFFERENT COLOR for EACH RAM
32
in the EWE (female sheep)...
reaches puberty at?
seasonal?
what kind of breeder is she?
the FIRST heat is...
how long is the ESTROUS cycle?
how long is ESTRUS when it appears?
ovulation occurs HOW MANY HOURS after ONSET OF ESTRUS?
how long is the gestation?
puberty = 6-9 MONTHS
SEASONALLY POLYESTROUS
SHORT-DAY breeders
FIRST heat is SILENT
ESTROUS CYCLE = 14-19 DAYS
ESTRUS = 15-48 HOURS
OVULATION = occurs 21-45 hours AFTER ESTRUS
GESTATION = 145-150 DAYS
33
in the RAM (male sheep)...
reaches puberty at what AGE & WEIGHT?
if EXPOSED TO EWES, may cause them to...
what kind of penis does it have?
what is on the END of the penis?
testis are ___
has a ___ scrotum
puberty = 6-9 MONTHS at 40-60% of MATURE BODY WEIGHT
can START EWES CYCLING EARLIER if exposed to them
FIBROELASTIC PENIS
URETHRAL PROCESS
testis are VERTICAL
has a PENDULOUS scrotum
34
in the DOE (female goat)...
reaches puberty at?
seasonal?
what type of breeder?
how long is the ESTROUS cycle?
how long does ESTRUS last?
when does OVULATION occur?
gestation length?
puberty = 6-8 MONTHS
SEASONALLY POLYESTROUS
SHORT-DAY BREEDER
ESTROUS cycle = 12-22 days
ESTRUS = 24-72 hours
OVULATION = ~30 HOURS after ESTRUS onset
GESTATION = 145-150 days
35
in BUCKS (male goats)...
reaches puberty at?
what kind of penis?
what's on the end of the penis?
has an ____ between the ___ & ___ tat will become ____ by ____ months of age
testis are ___
has a ___ scrotum
puberty = 4-5 MONTHS
FIBROELASTIC PENIS
URETHRAL PROCESS
has an ATTACHMENT between PENIS & PREPUCE that will become SEPARATED by 4.5 MONTHS OF AGE
testis are VERTICAL
has a PENDULOUS scrotum
36
what is PASTURE BREEDING?
what 2 kinds of production systems is this most commonly used in?
pasture breeding = ALL FLOCK IN PASTURE and breeding via NATURAL COVER
most common in MEAT & FIBER production systems
37
in a PASTURE BREEDING system...
one YEARLING male per ___-___ females
one MATURE male per ___-___ females
females will LAMB/KID HOW OFTEN per year?
BREED in the ___, LAMB in the ___
commonly use a ___ ___ for sires
YEARLING male = per 10-25 FEMALES
MATURE male = per 15-40 FEMALES
females LAMB/KID 1x PER YEAR
BREED in the FALL, LAMB in the SPRING
commonly use a MARKING HARNESS for sires
38
reproductive performance TARGETS for PASTURE BREEDING...
females should be ___-___ ___ of age and ___-___% ADULT BODY WEIGHT by the time of FIRST BREEDING
pregnancy rate for...
MATURE ewes?
ewe LAMBS?
abortion rate?
pre-weaning mortality?
weaning rate?
ewe/doe CULL rate?
females should be 7-12 MONTHS of age and 60-70% ADULT BODY WEIGHT by the time of FIRST BREEDING
pregnancy rate?
MATURE ewes = >95%
ewe LAMBS = >75%
abortion rate = <2%
pre-weaning mortality = <5%
weaning rate = 1.5-1.7 LAMBS
ewe/doe CULL rate = 20%
39
what is a STAGGERED breeding system?
male:female ratio?
OVERALL, this is considered a ___ breeding program
STAGGERED breeding system? = FEMALES are in SYNCHRONIZED ESTRUS and TURNED OUT WITH MALE FOR LIMITED TIME
1 male:7-8 females
OVERALL, this is considered a NATURAL breeding program
40
HAND-MATING breeding programs...
overall, are considered a ___ breeding program
used mostly for what 2 kinds of herds?
how does it work? (2)
rams are usually LIMITED to...
overall, are considered a NATURAL breeding program
used mostly for...
1. DAIRY herds
2. PUREBRED BREEDING herds
how does it work?
1. use a TEASER MALE to ID FEMALES IN HEAT
2. BREED females TWICE IN 24 HOURS to a SPECIFIC MALE
rams are usually LIMITED to 3 FEMALES PER DAY
41
when should you NOT use an ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION breeding program?
if you are planning to EAT THE OFFSPRING
42
give 5 ADVANTAGES of using AI breeding system?
1. MAXIMIZES use of SIRE
2. DECREASES spread of VENEREAL disease
3. IMPROVES herd genetics
4. REDUCES INBREEDING
5. REDUCES need for male to BE ON FARM
43
give 5 DISADVANTAGES of AI breeding system?
1. MORE EXPENSIVE to find GOOD QUALITY SEMEN & TRANSPORT IT
2. LABOR INTENSIVE to actually INSEMINATE & requires SPECIALIZED TRAINING
3. NO SEMEN STANDARDIZATION
4. lack of SIRE PROOFS for PRODUCTION TRAITS
5. often has LOWER PREGNANCY RATES than NATURAL BREEDING PROGRAMS
44
artificial insemination is PERFORMED at a ___ ___ in CONJUNCTION with ____ ____ estrus ____
what 3 types of semen can we use for this?
what are the 2 methods of PERFORMING AI? which is better?
artificial insemination is PERFORMED at a FIXED TIME in CONJUNCTION with TIGHT HORMONAL estrus SYNCHRONIZATION
3 types of semen = FRESH, COOLED or FROZEN
2 methods?
1. INTRAVAGINAL --> INEFFICIENT
2. INTRACERVICAL --> BETTER
45
conception rate of INTRAVAGINAL AI vs. INTRACERVICAL AI?
INTRAVAGINAL = 15-30%
INTRACERVICAL = 35-50%
46
TRANSCERVICAL AI conception rate?
what is the caveat here?
50-85%
CAVEAT = TAKES PRACTICE!
47
what is the BIG BENEFIT of LAPAROSCOPIC artificial insemination?
what is the conception rate?
when done PROPERLY can provide the HIGHEST ___ ___ when breeding with ___ semen
allows us to BYPASS THE CERVIX and INJECT SEMEN INTO MID-UTERINE HORN DIRECTLY
conception rate = 20-90%
when done PROPERLY can provide the HIGHEST PREGNANCY RATES when breeding with FROZEN semen
48
starting with what we should prep BEFORE performing LAPAROSCOPIC AI, name all 7 steps in the EWE. sorry.
1. ewe should be OFF FEED 16-20 HRS and OFF WATER 12 HRS BEFORE PROCEDURE
2. put EWE in TREDELENBURG position
3. apply LOCAL BLOCKS CRANIAL to UDDER and MEDIAL or LATERAL to MAMMARY/SUPERFICIAL EPIGASTRIC VEINS
4. INSUFFLATE ABDOMEN with AIR or CO2
5. INSERT LAPAROSCOPE through near PORTAL until UTERUS IS VISUALIZED
6. INSERT INSEMINATION GUN through the portal
7. INJECT semen into MID-UTERINE HORN
49
manipulation of the ESTROUS cycle allows for a ____ WINDOW of ____
NARROW/PREDICTABLE window of OVULATION
50
MELATONIN has a ___ effect on sheep/goats, meaning it ___ them to ____
POSITIVE, CAUSES, CYCLE
51
how can we ADVANCE the first OVULATION in sheep/goats to come EARLIER (weeks)?
the EFFICACY of this depends on what 5 factors?
use MALE EFFECT to advance ovulation!
EFFICACY depends on...
1. breed --> some respond better than others
2. previous ISOLATION from male
3. DEPTH of ANESTRUS --> NOT TOO DEEP/TRANSITIONAL IS BEST
4. NUTRITIONAL status --> better if on INCREASING PLANE
5. TIME SINCE PARTURITION
52
how do we TRANSITION into the BREEDING SEASON while ADVANCING OVULATION using the MALE EFFECT? (3)
1. ISOLATE MALES FROM FEMALES for 30-60 DAYS BEFORE season starts; NO FENCE LINE OR VISUAL CONTACT
2. then, INTRODUCE TEASER to TRANSITIONAL FEMALES 2-3 WEEKS BEFORE desired breeding
3. then, when it's DARK OUT, REMOVE TEASER AND REPLACE WITH BREEDING MALES
53
if we're trying to breed sheep/goats OUT OF SEASON, how should we implement the MALE EFFECT?
EXPOSE TEASER MALE TO CYCLING or OVARIECTOMIZED FEMALE 2 WEEKS BEFORE USE
54
how & how LONG should we give EXOGENOUS PROGESTINS to MANIPULATE ESTROUS CYCLE?
when will EWES cycle vs. DOES after PROGESTIN REMOVAL?
how & how LONG? = administer for 9-14 DAYS and then ADD IM PGF2 alpha 24 hours BEFORE PROGESTIN REMOVAL
EWES = cycle 24-48 hours AFTER removal
DOES = cycle 24-96 hours AFTER removal
55
using EXOGENOUS PROGESTINS to cause ESTRUS SYNCHRONIZATION (6)
1. on DAY 0, start PROGESTIN ADMINISTRATION (for at least 9-14 DAYS)
2. then, on day 13 (one day before LAST) give IM PGF2 ALPHA
3. on day 14, LAST DAY OF PROGESTIN GIVEN
4. 24 hours after last progestin dose, INTRODUCE TEASER
5. after teaser introduced, give GnRH
6. within 48 hours BREED WITH FRESH SEMEN or within 53-58 hours BREED WITH FROZEN SEMEN
56
what is the MOST COMMON METHOD that EXOGENOUS PROGESTINS are administered in sheep/goats?
INTRAVAGINAL CIDR IMPLANT
57
how can we SHORTEN THE LUTEAL PHASE to MANIPULATE THE ESTROUS CYCLE? (2)
in order for this to work, EWES MUST BE...
1. give PGF2 ALPHA to a cycling ewe
2. estrus occurs 30-60 hours AFTER giving this
in order for this to work, EWES MUST BE CYCLING (has a CL)
58
when is the CL responsive to ADMINISTRATION OF PGF2A in a CYCLING EWE?
CL is responsive to prostaglandin for 5-6 DAYS POST-OVULATION
59
3 methods of SHORTENING THE LUTEAL PERIOD with PGF2a in sheep?
1. give 1 INJECION of PGF2a and cause ESTRUS in 30-60 HOURS after in 60-70% of females
2. give 2 INJECTIONS 9-11 DAYS APART and cause ESTRUS in 30-60 HOURS after in 90-95% of females
3. OBSERVE FEMALES seen in HEAT over 4 days and BREED THEM; Give PGF2a on DAY 4 TO ANY UNBRED FEMALES, and then BREED ALL FEMALES IN HEAT for the next 3 DAYS
60
ESTRONE SULFATE test...
produced by WHAT?
when is this present in URINE/SERUM/MILK?
if it's POSITIVE, what does this mean?
produced by FETOPLACENTAL UNIT
in URINE/SERUM/MILK at 50 DAYS GESTATION
if POSITIVE = VIABLE FETUS
61
PREGNANCY SPECIIC PROTEIN B (BioPRYN test)
this protein is produced by...
when can it be seen in EWES vs. DOES?
this protein is produced by PLACENTA
in EWES = 22 days gestation
in DOES = 30 days gestation
62
what is ABDOMINAL BALOTTEMENT?
when is this an accurate test?
= reach over and bounce ABDOMEN in RIGHT FLANK AREA to FEEL FOR LAMB BOUNCING BACK (SHEEP ONLY)
only ACCURATE test for PREGNANCY in LAST HALF OF GESTATION
63
when can we use RADIOGRAPHS to detect pregnancy in SHEEP/GOATS?
>90 DAYS POST-BREEDING
64
using ULTRASOUND to CONFIRM PREGNANCY...
TRANSRECTAL?
TRANSABDOMINAL?
when is the FETAL HEARTBEAT seen?
when can we see MULTIPLE FETUSES most reliably?
TRANSRECTAL = can perform from 18-60 days gestation
TRANSABDOMINAL = can perform from 30 days-term
FETAL HEARTBEAT = 32-35 days
MULTIPLE FETUSES = 45-90 days
65
when is the EMBRYO visible on US and how is it performed?
when are PLACENTOMES visible on US and how is it performed?
EMBRYO = seen at 24 days TRANSRECTAL US
PLACENTOMES = seen at 36 days TRANSABDOMINAL US
66
when can PROGESTERONE be used for an accurate PREGNANCY DIAGNOSIS in the DOE vs. EWE?
DOE = >21 days
EWE = >18 days
67
what are the 3 kinds of LAMBING systems? which is the MOST COMMON and describe one thing about each
1. SHED (PEN) LAMBING = MOST COMMON, lambing occurs INDOORS and we bring in ewes days/weeks PRIOR to DUE DATE
2. PASTURE LAMBING = more natural and generally healthier, but PREDATION & FEED STRESS
3. RANGE LAMBING = ewes lamb on LARGE RANGE with NO ASSISTANCE; all are DOCKED/CASTRATED AT ONCE prior to 60 DAYS OF AGE
68
estrus detection in small ruminants PRIMARILY is based on...
BEHAVIORAL CHANGES
69
how often should SMALL RUMINANTS be observed for heat? what time of day is best?
ideally watch females TWICE DAILY (12 hours apart) especially when it is COOL OUT
70
signs of ESTRUS in the EWE can be DIFFICULT TO SPOT if...
IF SEPARATE FROM MALE
71
besides the following heat signs:
1. SEEKING OUT MALE,
2. VOCALIZATION
3. LOSS OF APPETITE,
4. RESTLESSNESS
5. TAIL WAGGING
6. VULVAR SWELLING
what is a BIG DIFFERENCE in DOE showing heat vs. EWE? (5)
DOE will...
1. MOUNT OTHER FEMALES
2. RUB AGAINST HERDMATES
3. have MUCOID vulvar discharge
4. FREQUENT URINATION
5. REDUCED MILK PRODUCTION
72
a teaser male should have WHAT 2 QUALITIES?
teaser male should be...
1. HIGH LIBIDO
2. PREVIOUS BREEDING EXPERIENCE
73
what are 3 ways we can PREPARE a teaser to enter a herd so he DOESN'T GET ANYONE PREGNANT?
**hint, add if there's a post-op rest period for 2 of the procedures
1. VASECTOMY = via LIGATION & RESECTION of DUCTUS DEFERENS, requires 60 day REST POST-OP
2. EPIDIDYMECTOMY = AMPUTATE TAILS of EPIDIDYMIDES
3. PENILE TRANSLOCATION = LEFT FLANK REPOSITION to prevent INTROMISSION, requires 30 day SEXUAL REST after
74
we should ___ MALES AND FEMALES with HIGH ___
CULL, TESTOSTERONE
75
ACCELERATED LAMBING PROGRAMS...
name 4 advantages?
what are the 2 kinds and how many lambings in how many years?
4 advantages?
1. REMOVE 4 MONTHS OF MAINTENANCE FEEDING
2. FEWER FEMALES can produce the SAME # OF OFFSPRING/YEAR
3. REDUCTION IN LABOR per OFFSPRING per YEAR
4. EVENLY DISTRIBUTED LAMB SUPPLY throughout the year
2 kinds?
1. STAR = 5 LAMBINGS/3 YEARS
2. CAMAL = 3 LAMBINGS/2 YEARS
76
in the STAR ACCELERATED LAMBING PROGRAM...
divided into ____ ___-day intervals
there are NO ___ or ___ ___ used
3 DISadvantages?
4 ADvantages?
divided into 5 73-day INTERVALS
there are NO HORMONES or LIGHT CONTROL used
3 DISadvantages?
1. we must WEAN BABIES EARLIER than usual
2. INTENSE MANAGEMENT REQUIRED
3. only useful in NONSEASONAL breeds
4 ADvantages?
1. GREATER REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE
2. FEWER RAMS NEEDED since ONLY BREEDING 1/5-1/3 of EWES AT A TIME
3. MORE EFFECTIVE USE OF LABOR/FACILITIES
4. more STEADY SUPPLY of lambs for YEAR-ROUND MARKET
77
in the STAR ACCELERATED LAMBING SYSTEM...
ewes are divided into what 2 groups?
EWES are exposed to rams for ___ days, and if NOT BRED, they can RE-ENTER SYSTEM in ___ days
___-day LAMBING PERIOD
lamb at ___-MONTH INTERVALS
ewes divided into DRY EWES (ready to be bred or RECENTLY bred) & LAMBING/LACTATING
EWES are exposed to rams for 30 days, and if NOT BRED, they can RE-ENTER SYSTEM in 72 days
30-day LAMBING PERIOD
lamb at 7.2-MONTH INTERVALS
78
in the CAMAL ACCELERATED LAMBING SYSTEM...
when are we breeding the females? (2)
2 DISadvantages?
2 ADvantages?
breeding females in TRANSITIONAL or NON-BREEDING season
2 DISadvantages?
1. HORMONE TREATMENTS
2. requires INTENSE MANAGEMENT
2 ADvantages?
1. LONGER PRE-WEANING interval than STAR so LARGER LAMBING WEIGHTS
2. steady supply of market lambs/kids
79
the CAMAL system is a ___-month system and therefore ___ ____
how long is the BREEDING window?
8-MONTH SYSTEM, LAMBING INTERVAL
BREEDING window = 1-1.5 months
80
in the CAMAL SYSTEM, at the end of the ___-___ period, EWES must wait ___ days to RE-ENTER system
in the CAMAL SYSTEM, at the end of the 2-YEAR period, EWES must wait 120 days to RE-ENTER system
