Broodmare Repro Management Flashcards
1
Q
transported semen needs to be kept at WHAT temperature remain viable for (average range) ___ hours?
A
4-6C, 48 hours
2
Q
TRUE/FALSE some breed registries will require blood typing, APPROVAL prior to transport, and special forms if USING TRANSPORTED SEMEN
A
TRUE
3
Q
what are 5 advantages for using cooled/frozen semen?
A
- can access stallions that are geographically far
- transport of mare/foal NOT REQUIRED
- horses can REMAIN IN TRAINING and don’t have to leave
- DECREASED animal transport COSTS
- can breed MULTIPLE MARES per EJACULATE
4
Q
what are 3 disadvantages for using cooled/frozen semen?
A
- need INCREASED vet help –> know when to put semen into mare
- need GOOD STALLION MANAGEMENT –> must tolerate AV
- INCREASED insemination and semen collection/transport COSTS
5
Q
BEFORE using transported semen, what 2 things should be done?
what is KEY for this whole process?
A
BREEDING SOUNDNESS EXAM for both STALLION & MARE
KEY = GOOD COMMUNICATION BETWEEN CLIENT WITH MARE AND STALLION OWNER
6
Q
when is it IDEAL that the MARE OWNER CONTACTS STALLION MANAGER?
A
when the mare is FIRST DAY IN ESTRUS and then 24-48 hours PRIOR TO INSEMINATION
7
Q
after collecting semen via AV, we should add WHAT (and at what dilution?
then, put the whole sample into…
A
add SEMEN EXTENDER at a dilution rate of 25-50 million sperm/mL
then, put the whole sample into a BAG with a SECURED RUBBER BAND
8
Q
why should we not keep the coolant cans in a household freezer?
A
needs to be kept frozen at -20C, WHICH IS NOT WORKING IN HOUSEHOLD FREEZER
9
Q
what is the GOLD STANDARD for method of shipment for horse semen?
A
EQUITAINER, helps modulate temp change
10
Q
what is the OPTIMAL cooling rate for semen?
A
-0.3 C per MINUTE
11
Q
what 6 pieces of information should be included in the semen sample?
A
- DATE and TIME of collection
- number of SPERM PER DOSE
- MOTILITY at packaging
- TYPE OF SEMEN EXTENDER USED
- NUMBER of insemination doses
- NAME OF STALLION
12
Q
what 3 things should be on the semen sample’s shipping label?
A
- mare owner’s NAME
- COMPLETE address including STREET NAME
- FUNCTIONAL telephone number
13
Q
TRUE/FALSE: once we obtain the semen sample, DO NOT WARM THE SEMEN
A
TRUE –> JUST PUT IT STRAIGHT INTO MARE, SHE’LL WARM UP SAMPLE HERSELF
14
Q
TRUE/FALSE: FROZEN semen is NOT THE SAME THING AS COOLED SEMEN
A
TRUE
15
Q
do all stallions’ semen freeze well?
A
NO, pregnancy rates are variable
16
Q
once semen is frozen, what temperature should it be kept at?
for how long is it viable?
A
-96 C
INDEFINITE SHELF LIFE
17
Q
how to INSEMINATE a mare using frozen semen depends on…
A
HOW MUCH OF THE SEMEN SAMPLE YOU HAVE
18
Q
2-dose insemination scheme using FROZEN SEMEN (4 steps)
A
- determine when mare in estrus and US ovaries repeatedly
- using US, once follicle is 30-35 mm diameter give SUCRAMATE
- then INSEMINATE LATE THE NEXT DAY
- then INSEMINATE AGAIN ONCE OVULATION IS DETECTED
19
Q
what is the 1-dose insemination scheme with frozen semen? (4 steps)
A
- US ovaries repeatedly to determine onset of estrus
- when 30-35 mm follicle present, give SUCRAMATE THAT EVENING around 6-8 PM
- US ovaries every 6-8 hours ESPECIALLY after 34-36 hours
- inseminate ONCE as soon as ovulation is detected
20
Q
breeding contract
is it considered a legal document?
A
determines what the FEES will be and what the PAYMENT SCHEDULES will be for a MARE OWNER TO A STALLION OWNER
is it a legal document? = YES
21
Q
what is a “LIVE FOAL GUARANTEE?”
A
you don’t have to pay anything to stallion owner until foal is born, stands and nurses within 24 HOURS
22
Q
what are booking fees?
A
nonrefundable fee mare owner pays to reserve a breeding for that season with a stallion regardless of outcome
23
Q
pregnancy diagnosis via palpation per rectum in the mare is accurate after HOW MANY DAYS GESTATION?
A
28 days
24
Q
after ovulation, the cervix ____ and uterine tone ____ due to ____ and ____ ____
A
CLOSES, INCREASES, PROGESTERONE, EMBRYONIC FACTORS
25
by ___-17 days after OVULATION there is a marked ____ in ____ tone and its ____ thickens
14, increase, uterine, wall
26
by ___-21 days AFTER ovulation, there is a ____ & ____ of the ____ and ____ ____ are no longer ____
17, tightening & lengthening, cervix, endometrial folds, palpable
27
TRUE/FALSE = in ANESTRUS, the cervix of a mare has a characteristic "pencil" feeling due to TIGHTENING and LENGTHENING
FALSE, it's true in PREGNANCY
28
at ___ days AFTER OVULATION, you can feel the ___ of the ___ at the ____ of the ___ ___ on palpation per rectum
28, BULGE, CONCEPTUS, BASE, UTERINE (gravid) HORN
29
at 28 days after ovulation, the conceptus is about the size of a...
28, CHICKEN EGGS
30
at 40 days AFTER OVULATION, conceptus is about the size of a...
CHEAP GRAPEFRUIT
31
the NON-GRAVID UTERINE HORN will feel ___ in comparison to the gravid one
SMALL/TUBULAR
32
at ___ days, BOTH horns of the uterus are filled by the ____
90, CONCEPTUS
33
at how many days gestation does the conceptus drop into abdomen? (range)
90-110 days GESTATION
34
why is it difficult to evaluate pregnancy between __-__ months?
instead, we should wait for...
5-9 months because CONCEPTUS POSITIONED VENTRALLY IN ABDOMEN
instead, we should wait for LATE GESTATION because IT WILL ENLARGE DORSALLY/is palpable
35
what makes EQUINE conceptus unique?
WHY?
at 11-13 days, remains SPHERICAL and can MOVE FREELY THROUGHOUT UTERINE HORNS, so we can SEE IT EARLIER THAN OTHER SPECIES
WHY = because of the GLYCOPROTEIN CAPSULE around it keeps SHAPE
36
when does the equine conceptus STOP moving throughout uterine horns and LODGE IN BASE?
DAY 16 GESTATION
37
between days __-__ gestation, spherical conceptus becomes WHAT SHAPE?
17-21, TRIANGULAR
38
the EMBRYO PROPER is usually seen on day ___ and is on the ___ aspect of the conceptus
21, VENTRAL
39
what should we expect to see on US for days 24-25 gestation?
EMBRYO FLUTTER in MIDDLE of embryo proper representing HEARTBEAT
40
at what day is the ALLANTOIC CAVITY first seen in the horse?
day 24
41
what 3 things should we expect to see on DAY 25 of gestation in the horse on US?
1. OUTPOUCHING of ALLANTOIS from the hindgut
2. YOLK SAC BECOMING SMALLER
3. FLUTTERING HEART in embryo
42
at 28-30 days, what should we see on US of equine conceptus?
YOLK SAC IS THE SAME SIZE AS ALLANTOIC CAVITY
43
by 40 days of gestation, what should we expect to see on US?
VERY LITTLE YOLK SAC REMAINING
44
after the YOLK SAC is mostly gone by day ___ of gestation, what happens to it?
40, it BECOMES THE UMBILICAL CORD
45
describe the change in where the equine FETUS is positioned at 40 vs. 45 DAYS GESTATION
40 = FETUS ON DORSAL ASPECT
45 = UMBILICAL CORD has LENGTHENED so FETUS LAYS ON VENTRAL FLOOR OF UTERUS
46
up to HOW many days gestation can we VERY ACCURATELY age an equine conceptus using US PER RECTUM?
up to 45 DAYS because AFTERWARDS fetus will MOVE VENTRALLY (harder to see)
47
by WHAT day gestation should we see fetus DROP OVER PELVIC BRIM and INTO ABDOMEN?
around 110 days gestation
48
WHY and WHEN do we transition from US PER RECTUM to TRANSABDOMINAL US when looking at pregnant mares?
because at around 110 days gestation, FETUS in GRAVID HORN will FALL OVER PELVIC BRIM and INTO ABDOMEN!
this occurs around 110 days gestation
49
using TRANSABDOMINAL US...
what 3 things can we see in the FETUS?
what other 2 things can we observe?
in FETUS...
1. HR
2. activity
3. gastrointestinal peristalsis
can also see...
1. character of FETAL FLUIDS
2. PLACENTA
50
if the mare is RELAXED and fetus is INACTIVE, where in the abdomen should we find the fetus on US?
very CRANIAL in the abdomen, the most DEPENDENT PART
51
what is ESTRONE SULFATE?
WHEN can it be detected in MARE'S BLOOD?
= hormone produced by only LIVING FETUSES, indicator for fetuses being alive
although it's also made by the conceptus, it IS ONLY DETECTABLE IN MARE'S BLOOD AFTER 60 DAYS GESTATION
52
when can we DETECT ESTRONE SULFATE in MARE'S URINE?
at 150 days GESTATION
53
ESTROGEN can start being detectable in pregnant mare's bloodstream at ___ days gestation, and remains ___ until delivery
60, HIGH
54
EQUINE CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN IS ONLY HELPFUL FOR DETECTING PREGNANCY IF...
IF WE KNOW WHEN MARE WAS BRED
55
at what days of gestation can ECG be detected/elevated?
why is it important to know WHEN mare was bred?
between 40 and 120 days gestation
important to know when mare was bred because BEYOND THIS RANGE, ECG MIGHT NOT BE DETECTABLE because ENDOMETRIAL CUPS THAT PRODUCE THIS ARE NO LONGER FUNCTIONAL
56
TRUE/FALSE: ECG levels have NO CORRELATION with FETAL VIABILITY, but it DOES indicate presence of ENDOMETRIAL CUPS
TRUE
57
even if the FETUS DIES, the ___ ___ will PERSIST until ___ days gestation and produce ___
ENDOMETRIAL CUPS, 120, ECG
58
farms should check mares between ___-___ days AFTER BREEDING because if she's OPEN, they should...
what is the OTHER benefit to US at this range of days?
12-18, BREED HER AGAIN
OTHER BENEFIT = CHECK FOR TWINS and DEAL WITH THAT
59
we should perform a SECOND US EXAM before ___ days gestation to check for WHAT 2 things?
1. check that EMBRYO HAS HEARTBEAT
2. check that NO SIGNS OF TWINS
60
after the SECOND pregnancy check at 30 days, WHEN SHOULD WE PERFORM NEXT US PREGNANCY CHECK?
after this check, when is the next?
between 42 and 60 days GESTATION
after this check, DO NOT CHECK AGAIN UNTIL THE FALL to sort PREGNANT from NON-PREGNANT mares
61
if a mare is NOT PREGNANT after breeding when checked in the fall, we should check for WHAT pathologies? (3)
1. POOR PERINEAL CONFORMATION
2. UTERINE FLUID, CYSTS & ABNORMAL TONE
3. OVARY APPEARANCE vs STAGE IN CYCLE
62
what is the BEST cure for INFERTILITY IN MARES?
why?
INTRAUTERINE SEMEN THERAPY
why = because sometimes SEMEN JUST DOESN'T GET INTO BARREN MARES
63
what hormone is produced by the CL?
for how many days in GESTATION is CL required for HORSE GESTATION?
PROGESTERONE
REQUIRED FOR FIRST 60 DAYS OF GESTATION
64
after 60 days gestation, the ____/____ starts to make ____ because the ____ is gone, which produced ____
after 180 days, the ____ are ___
after 60 days gestation, the CONCEPTUS/PLACENTA starts to make PROGESTOGENS because the CL is gone, which produced PROGESTERONE
after 180 days, the OVARIES are INACTIVE
65
the FIRST rise in PROGESTERONE is due to the ____ ____ ____, which occurs during the first ___-___ days gestation
PRIMARY CORPUS LUTEUM, 30-60
66
what is PRIMARY corpus luteum? what does it produce?
the CL formed from the FOLLICLE THAT RELEASED THE OOCYTE AND CAUSED PREGNANCY
produces PROGESTERONE
67
in EARLY GESTATION in horses, we still will see WHAT process?
still will see WAVES OF FOLLICLES
68
what is the SECONDARY CORPORA LUTEA and WHAT DOES IT PRODUCE/for HOW LONG?
forms AFTER PRIMARY CL and continues to PROVIDE SOURCE OF PROGESTERONE UNTIL ~150 DAYS OF GESTATION
69
when does PROGESTERONE DROP in mares' gestation?
when does it (approximately) start to rise again?
after 180 DAYS
rises again ~300 DAYS
70
TRUE/FALSE: if CL is LOW in horses, we should ADMINISTER PROGESTERONE
FALSE, we have NOT FOUND EVIDENCE OF LUTEAL INSUFFICIENCY IN HORSES
71
when might we want to give progesterone in horses? (5 things)
1. if we've REMOVED AN OVARY (ovariectomized) < 100 DAYS INTO GESTATION
2. ENDOTOXEMIA bc it can cause LUTEOLYSIS
3. COLIC/SURGERY STRESS
4. INCOMPETENT/COMPROMISED CERVIX --> might get cervix to CLOSE BETTER
5. PERIGLANDULAR FIBROSIS --> helps OTHER GLANDS that HAVE NOT FIBROSED work better!
72
what are the 3 METHODS OF GIVING PROGESTERONE in HORSES?
what can we NOT use in horses but we can use in other species?
3 methods?
1. PROGESTERONE IN OIL (given daily)
2. REGUMATE (oral altrenogest)
3. BIORELEASE P4 --> can last for up to a week
WE CANNOT USE HUMAN OR BOVINE IMPLANTS
73
why is TWINNING a problem in mares?
EPITHELIOCHORIAL DIFFUSE PLACENTATION --> so CHORION MUST TOUCH ENDOMETRIUM TO FORM MICROVILLI
where the TWINS TOUCH EACH OTHER --> NO MICROVILLI, so CANNOT NOURISH FETUS
74
if both twins survive in a mare...
one is usually SMALLER/WEAKER than expected or DIES
75
often, even if ONE TWIN dies in the womb in mares, the OTHER ONE WILL DIE BECAUSE...
the now dead twin has still taken nutrients/resources AWAY FROM BETTER THRIVING TWIN
76
most TWINS in mares will be ABORTED by ___-___ ___ gestation
6-8 MONTHS
77
what is one of the most OBVIOUS clinical signs that a MARE IS CARRYING TWINS?
EARLY LACTATION (lactating around ~5 months gestation)
78
MOST equine twins are ____, meaning that they come from ____ ___ OVULATIONS
DIZYGOTIC, TWO DIFFERENT
79
how are MONOZYGOTIC twins formed in the horse?
how common are they? (2)
MONOZYGOTIC = twins originate from SAME OOCYTE and form EMBRYO that later SPLITS
NOT COMMON, but more common if we use INTRACYTOPLASMIC SPERM INJECTION to make embryos
80
DIZYGOTIC TWINS come from ___ OVULATIONS
DOUBLE
81
what 3 QUALITIES in mares make them more likely to DOUBLE OVULATE/have DIZYGOTIC TWINS?
1. MIDDLE AGE (not super young or old)
2. mares that are ON INCREASING PLANE OF NUTRITION AFTER BEING UNDERFED
3. CERTAIN BREEDS (thoroughbreds, standardbreds, warmbloods)
82
why is it important to know if a DOUBLE OVULATION is SYNCHRONOUS or ASYNCHRONOUS?
if ASYNCHRONOUS = embryos can be VASTLY DIFFERENT AGES so LARGER ONE IS OLDER ONE
83
what is BILATERAL FIXATION?
what is UNILATERAL FIXATION?
BILATERAL = occurs when mare has TWINS and ONE EMBRYO PRESENT AT BASE OF EACH UTERINE HORN, easier to deal with
UNILATERAL = BOTH embryos in SAME HORN
84
TRUE/FALSE: BILATERAL fixation of twins is HARDER to detect than UNILATERAL on US
FALSE, harder to tell if UNILATERAL
85
why should you NOT try and detect for TWINS by days 11-12 GESTATION? (2)
1. embryonic vesicle is ROBUST and HARD TO DESTROY
2. SECOND EMBRYO of ASYNCHRONOUS OVULATION might be TOO SMALL TO IMAGE
86
between WHAT DAY RANGES should we IMAGE FOR TWINS & give 2 REASONS WHY?
between DAYS 13-15
1. embryos are MOBILE & EASILY SEPARATED
2. both embryos of asynchronous ovulations are LARGE ENOUGH TO IMAGE
87
why should you NOT try and detect for TWINS by days 17-19 GESTATION? (1)
but, give 2 benefits!
1. though it might easy to RUPTURE A BILATERAL TWIN, DIFFICULT TO SEPARATE IF UNILATERAL --> TRIANGULAR SHAPE EASIER TO COMPRESS
benefits?
1. if mare is NOT PREGNANT, check ovaries to see if you should rebreed her
2. check UTERUS for infection
88
if you check a mare to see if she is pregnant with twins BETWEEN DAYS 21-25 and SHE'S NOT PREGNANT, why is this bad?
BAD because then SHE HAS JUST OVULATED and you didn't breed her! better to check earlier
89
between days ___-___ gestation, ____ can be differentiated from ____
21-25, embryos, cysts
90
ALL MARES SHOULD BE CHECKED BEFORE ___ DAYS OF PREGNANCY TO INCREASE CHANCE OF DETECTING TWINS
if you DO find twins during this time, what should you do?
30, should MANUALLY REDUCE one
91
if you find twins on US, what are your 3 OPTIONS?
1. MANUALLY REDUCE one
2. give PROSTAGLANDIN
3. DO NOTHING
92
how does PROSTAGLANDIN to facilitate TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY in horses?
why is this sometimes not the best idea?
causes LUTEOLYSIS and since horse is CL-dependent for FIRST 60 DAYS, TERMINATES PREGNANCY
although you'd normally breed at SUBSEQUENT ESTRUS, mares that have double ovulated are LIKELY TO AGAIN AT NEXT BREEDING
93
MANUAL REDUCTION of a twin foal should be performed at <___ days gestation and has a __% success rate at yielding ONE LIVE FOAL
<30, 90%
94
if we find twins BETWEEN 30-60 DAYS GESTATION, how can we get rid of one? why is it not great?
what method should we NOT use and WHY?
TRANSVAGINAL ASPIRATION, but HAS A LOW SUCCESS RATE
we SHOULD NOT give PROSTAGLANDIN because PRESENCE OF ENDOMETRIAL CUPS will PREVENT RETURN TO ESTRUS FOR 120 DAYS
95
if we find twins after 70 DAYS, we can use WHAT METHOD?
afterwards, what should we do for the mares?
can use INTRACARDIAC INJECTION of KCL or PPG via TRANSABDOMINAL US
afterwards, MARES SHOULD BE HOSPITALIZED
96
if twins are detected between 60-110 DAYS, what is a method that's UNCOMMONLY done to eliminate one twin?
success rate?
CRANIO-CERVICAL DISLOCATION via manual palpation
success rate = 60%
97
AFTER reducing a twin, what 2 things should we DEFINITELY DO?
if we used INTRACARDIAC INJECTIONS to reduce twins, what else should we do? (2)
AFTER reducing twin...
1. EXAMINATION VIA US from days 1-4 AFTER procedure
2. PERIODIC RE-EXAMS
if we used INTRACARDIAC INJECTIONS...
1. ANTIBIOTICS
2. PROGESTOGENS
98
if after we try to reduce a twin BOTH twins DIE, we should do WHAT 2 THINGS?
1. LAVAGE UTERUS with SALINE
2. DISCONTINUE PROGESTOGEN ADMINISTRATION
99
how is often the ONLY TIME we know a mare has aborted is if we see...
this can ALSO be seen if...
PREMATURE MAMMARY DEVELOPMENT/LACTATION
this can ALSO be seen if SHE HAS TWINS or ONE TWIN DIES
100
what is an advantage of TEASING MARES EVERY DAY?
if a mare ABORTED, then she will RETURN TO ESTRUS even if PREVIOUSLY DIAGNOSED PREGNANT
101
if a mare has aborted, what 4 things should we do?
1. REMOVE MARE & ABORTED FETUS & MEMBRANES from environment
2. ISOLATE abutting mare to make sure she doesn't have INFECTIOUS DZ or TWINS
3. CLEAN HER ENVIRONMENT THOROUGHLY
4. CHECK MARE FOR A TWIN!
102
should we CULTURE mares' uteruses to look for CAUSE OF ABORTION?
UNLESS you culture her in the first 12 hours, NOT LIKELY TO BE DIAGNOSTIC
within 48 hours, can CULTURE STOMACH CONTENTS OF ABORTED FETUS --> after, NOT HELPFUL
103
TRUE/FALSE: fetal membranes ARE NOT ALWAYS ATTACHED to UTERINE WALL even after abortion
TRUE
104
what should you FEEL FOR ON PALPATION if you suspect RETAINED FETAL MEMBRANES?
if ENDOMETRIAL FOLDS PRESENT = FETAL MEMBRANES HAVE PASSED
if not, RETAINED FETAL MEMBRANES
105
after HOW MUCH TIME POSTPARTUM is a mare's fetal membranes RETAINED?
3 HOURS
106
if we have PARTIAL retained fetal membranes...
1. SALINE UTERINE LAVAGE
2. can give OXYTOCIN IV or PROSTAGLANDIN (less common)
107
if RETAINED FETAL MEMBRANES > 8 HOURS, you should give WHAT 2 things & WHY?
give FLUNIXIN MEGLUMINE & BROAD-SPECTRUM ANTIBIOTICS to PREVENT AGAINST ENDOTOXEMIA
108
if you're going to do a NECROPSY in a field & SUBMIT ABORTUS for HERPES, what should we make sure NOT happens?
DO NOT FREEZE TISSUE because it will DISRUPT CELLS
109
what MEASUREMENTS should we take for ABORTUS NECROPSY? (3)
1. FETAL MEMBRANE WEIGHT
2. UMBILICAL CORD LENGTH
3. SEX/CROWN RUMP LENGTH of FETUS
110
what is the most COMMON NONINFECTIOUS CAUSES of ABORTION starting with MOST COMMON? (4)
1. TWINS --> MOST COMMON
2. UMBILICAL CORD TORSION
3. UTERINE BODY PREGNANCY
4. CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES
111
what predisposes fetus of UMBILICAL TORSION?
if VERY LONG UMBILICAL CORD because then they can move and TURN IN SAME DIRECTION and strangle themselves
112
how does a UTERINE BODY pregnancy occur?
if they DO get to delivery, how do fetuses present?
fetuses DEVELOP in uterine body and DO NOT PLACE HINDLEGS into ONE HORN
if they DO get to delivery, PRESENT IN TRANSVERSE PRESENTATION
113
what is the most common INFECTIOUS CAUSE of ABORTION in mares? (6)
1. EQUINE HERPES VIRUS 1
2. EQUINE ARTERITIS VIRUS
3. EQUINE INFECTIOUS ANEMIA
4. BACTERIAL PLACENTITIS
5. FUNGAL PLACENTITIS
6. LEPTO
114
why is it most important to RULE OUT EHV-1 in mares if they've aborted?
IT'S VERY INFECTIOUS/CAN EASILY SPREAD
115
rhinopneumonitis is another name for WHAT disease?
how commonly does it cause INFECTIOUS abortion?
RHINOPNEUMONITIS = EHV-1
MOST COMMON INFECTIOUS CAUSE OF ABORTION
116
how can we TEST for EHV-1?
what is VACCINATION recommendation?
via PCR!
VACCINES given at 5, 7, and 9 MONTHS
117
WHEN to administer EQUINE VIRAL ARTERITIS vaccine?
how long should mares be ISOLATED after vaccine?
BEFORE BEING BRED! can cause ABORTION in pregnant mares
after vaccine, ISOLATE FOR 3 WEEKS
118
can you breed an EVA+ STALLION with an EVA- mare? HOW?
YOU CAN, GIVE MARE VACCINE against EVA PRIOR to breeding and SHE IS SAFE EVEN AGAINST AN EVA+ STALLION
119
what 2 tests can we perform to detect EQUINE INFECTIOUS ANEMIA?
what should we do if a horse IS carrying this dz?
1. COGGIN'S TEST
2. ELISA
ANY CARRIERS SHOULD BE CULLED
120
what are the 3 types of PLACENTITIS? which is the most COMMON
1. DIFFUSE
2. ASCENDING --> MOST COMMON
3. FOCAL
121
what is DIFFUSE PLACENTITIS?
what 2 bacteria USUALLY causes this?
= when CIRCULATING PATHOGENS in BLOODSTREAM (septicemia) of mare causes CHORIOALLANTOIS and then ALL OF FETUS IS INFECTED
LEPTO AND SALMONELLA CAN CAUSE THIS
122
what is ASCENDING placentitis?
what is a big RISK of having this?
= PATHOGENS in VAGINAL CANAL and work its way CRANIALLY that can eventually reach FETUS and affect MARE if not treated
can cause THICKENING of fetal membranes and PREMATURE SEPARATION OF CHORIOALLANTOIS causing HYPOXIC FOAL at DELIVERY
123
what can we see as a CLINICAL SIGN as evidence of PLACENTITIS?
PREMATURE MAMMARY DEVELOPMENT
124
what 2 things on US should we examine if we suspect PLACENTITIS?
1. THICKNESS of UTEROPLACENTAL UNIT; if >12 mm MAY indicate placentitis
2. any DETACHMENT of CHORION from ENDOMETRIUM
125
what is another name for FOCAL placentitis? why?
NOCARDIOFORM placentitis
because ORGANISMS assoc with it are NOCARDIA-LIKE, such as CROSSIELLA EQUI
126
does a mare ALWAYS require treatment post-abortion if FOCAL PLACENTITIS? why?
NO because sometimes it only causes PLACENTAL INSUFFICIENCY, causing fetus to be STARVING but NOT DEAD
