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Mare Repro Management Flashcards

1
Q

why is there an incentive to breed horses EARLY in the year?

A

because we want horses BORN AS CLOSE TO JAN 1ST AS POSSIBLE since all RACEHORSES’S BDAYS are then

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2
Q

what kinds of breeders are HORSES? & define

around what time do horses start cycling?

A

SEASONALLY POLYESTROUS = breed when the length of daylight is LONG

start cycling towards END OF FIRST WEEK OF APRIL

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3
Q

average gestation length of a horse?

A

340 days

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4
Q

average breeding season dates for horses? month & day

A

february 15 - july 1

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5
Q

how often do horses ovulate when they’re cycling?

A

every 21 days

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6
Q

what is the SEASONALITY of horse breeding controlled by/how?

A

PINEAL GLAND = when DARK, MELATONIN SECRETED –> ACTS ON HYPOTHALAMUS & PITUITARY –> ANTI-GONADAL EFFECT ON OVARIES –> STOPS OVULATION

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7
Q

what month/date does anestrus usually start in HORSES?

A

december 21st

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8
Q

describe pathway for INCREASE in light in horse cyclicity?

A

INCREASE IN LIGHT –> causes LOW MELATONIN RELEASE –> increase in GnRH –> increase in FSH & LH –> OVULATION

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9
Q

define “putting a mare under lights”

A

= management tool used to hasten ONSET OF OVULATION & REGULAR CYCLICITY

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10
Q

when “putting a mare under lights…”
1. what is the length of daylight provided? how would you realistically implement this?
2. amount of time necessary for mares to respond?

A
  1. 16 hours of artificial light; turn on lights at 4PM and off around 11:30PM
  2. 8-10 weeks required for mares to respond
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11
Q

if you want to INITIATE the breeding season on FEBRUARY 15TH, when should you INITIATE SUPPLEMENTAL LIGHTING PROGRAM? (month/day)

this allows for a birthdate of WHAT (approximately)?

A

DECEMBER 1ST

birthdate = JANUARY 1ST

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12
Q

when “putting a mare under lights,” it’s best to add light to the ____ of the day, specifically just ___ ____

why?

A

END, BEFORE DUSK

because BRAIN HAS A PHOTOSENSITIVE TIME THAT GOES UNTIL EX AMOUNT OF HOURS AFTER DUSK

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13
Q

what 3 types of lights can be used for artificial control of photoperiod?

A
  1. incandescent
  2. fluorescent
  3. LED
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14
Q

in layman’s terms, what should you be able to do in a mare’s stall when providing artificial light?

A

READ NEWSPRINT COMFORTABLY

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15
Q

define the Constant Method

A

= method of using an artificial lighting system in mares where lights are turned ON at 4PM and turned OFF at 11:30PM initiated 10 WEEKS BEFORE FIRST DESIRED BREEDING DATE

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16
Q

how can you increase the amount of artificial light given to mares if you have A LOT of horses? (describe the name and 2 steps how to do it)

what is the BIG BENEFIT? what’s the drawback?

A

STEPWISE fashion!
1. add 3 hours the FIRST week
2. add 1/2 hour EACH ADDITIONAL WEEK

BIG BENEFIT = CHEAPER!

DRAWBACK = requires ATTENTION/EFFORT

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17
Q

how can the nature of the stall affect how horses cycle under artificial light?

A

if stalls are DARK/PAINTED DARK, can ADVERSELY EFFECT THE STRENGTH OF LIGHT –> WHITE WALLS PREFERRED

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18
Q

TRUE/FALSE = mares cannot be placed outside in a lighted paddock, they MUST be stalled for artificial light to work

A

FALSE

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19
Q

what is Equilume & how does it work?

A

= product that is able to administer ARTIFICIAL light

uses a BLUE wavelength to stimulate JUST ONE EYE because that’s all that’s required to increase GnRH

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20
Q

melatonin is increased ____ ___ after ___, and has an ___-___ effect on horses

A

10 hours, dusk, anti-gonadal

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21
Q

how can STALLIONS benefit from artificial light?

A

when exposed to light/during the breeding season, have GREATER TESTICULAR WEIGHT and therefore INCREASED SPERM OUTPUT

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22
Q

what is a DRAWBACK of using artificial light to increase reproductive performance in STALLIONS?

therefore…

A

their reproductive performance/peak sperm numbers might come SOONER than the bulk of mares that will be ready to be bred!

therefore, artificial light NOT recommended for stallions

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23
Q

define the autumnal transition

what kind of behavior can we expect from mares at this time?

A

= time when horses transition from BREEDING SEASON to WINTER ANESTRUS in the FALL where they continue to GROW FOLLICLES but FAIL TO OVULATE because NO LH SURGE PRESENT

expect IRREGULAR HEAT BEHAVIOR from mares

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24
Q

winter anestrus

= definition

  1. what are the MONTHS it tends to range in? what about a specific date?
  2. describe the ovaries during this time
  3. describe the hormone levels (4) during this time
  4. describe the uterus during this time
  5. describe the cervix during this time
A

= occurs when the LENGTH OF DAYLIGHT IS SHORT after the AUTUMNAL TRANSITION

  1. NOVEMBER –> JANUARY, DECEMBER 1ST IS COMMON
  2. ovaries = SMALL & INACTIVE with NO FOLLICLES or CL
  3. LOW IN ALL = GnRH, LH, FSH, and PROGESTERONE (P4)
  4. uterus = FLACCID with INACTIVE ENDOMETRIAL GLANDS
  5. cervix = CLOSED but NOT TIGHT or THIN
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25
what is mare BEHAVIOR like during winter anestrus?
VARIABLE! can be positive (receptive), indifferent, or negative (resists advances)
26
define vernal transition 1. how LONG does it last? 2. describe GnRH, FSH & LH levels during this time 3. on average, how many follicular waves occur? 4. how large are FOLLICLES at this time? 5. nature of the CERVIX? 6. what occurs at the END of the vernal transition?
= time when horses transition from WINTER ANESTRUS to CYCLICITY as DAYLIGHT INCREASES 1. lasts 30-60 DAYS 2. GnRH & FSH INCREASE, LH is VARIABLE or STATIC 3. on average, 3.7 follicular waves occur 4. follicles are GREATER THAN OR EQUAL TO 30 MM 5. cervix = NOT CLOSED TIGHTLY 6. END of transition = LH SURGE & OVULATION!
27
the mare's plasma GnRH concentrations will ____ about ___ ___ after the length of ___ starts to ____ during the ____ ____
INCREASE, 2 weeks, daylight, increase, vernal transition
28
describe the OVARIES during the VERNAL TRANSITION (2 things)
1. LARGE 2. follicles can be large (25-30mm) but FAIL TO OVULATE
29
what causes the FOLLICULAR WAVES that occur during the vernal transition? (2 steps)
1. LIGHT increases (less melatonin) 2. INCREASE IN GnRH --> FSH
30
describe behavior in mares during the VERNAL transition (2)
1. LONG periods of ESTRUS (sexual receptivity) 2. IRREGULAR periods of NON-RECEPTIVITY
31
mares will be SEXUALLY RECEPTIVE for LONGER PERIODS OF TIME ____ in the breeding season & give an example
EARLIER example = a mare will be in heat for 5 days in april but only 2 days in june, so NEED TO BE BRED MORE IMMEDIATELY IF BRED LATER IN SEASON
32
what happens cycle-wise once OVULATION occurs in the mare?
a REGULAR 21-22 DAY INTER-OVULATORY INTERVAL will be MAINTAINED
33
during the BREEDING season (so AFTER vernal transition), mares will ovulate follicles that are typically WHAT diameter?
GREATER THAN OR EQUAL TO 35 MM
34
(1+2) what 2 parameters are needed for a mare to be considered "in heat?" (3) what additional parameter can help?
1. if she has an OVULATORY (FUNCTIONAL) FOLLICLE (30-50mm diameter) 2. if she's showing SEXUALLY RECEPTIVE behavior 3. can also look to see if CERVIX is MOIST, PINK, LUBRICATED & RELAXED
35
what are endometrial folds? what do they indicate?
endometrial folds are layers of the uterus that become EDEMATOUS during ESTRUS indicates horse is in ESTRUS (along with other signs)
36
define corpus hemorrhagicum
= forms at the SITE of the OVULATING FOLLICLE for about 1-2 days AFTER OVULATION
37
TRUE/FALSE = in horses, WE CANNOT FEEL THE CORPUS LUTEUM
TRUE! can only be seen on US
38
what does the CORPUS LUTEUM produce? what does this cause the mare to do behaviorally? what can STILL occur under the influence of CL though?
corpus luteum produces PROGESTERONE causes mare to NOT BE SEXUALLY RECEPTIVE can STILL CAUSE FOLLICULAR WAVES & formation of FOLLICLES on ovary!
39
why can we see mares with vulvas with dried discharge on them when in HEAT?
FREQUENT URINATION causing crystals on external commissure of vulva
40
define maiden mare describe 2 things these mares tend to be it can be DIFFICULT to breed what kind of maiden mare?
= a mare that has "never before been bred," but this can still apply to a mare who's been successfully bred THE FIRST TIME during the current season 2 things? 1. YOUNGER 2. FERTILE with no prior reproductive issues can be DIFFICULT to breed OLDER (14-15YO) maiden mares
41
define barren mare define the 3 classes what should we ALWAYS do with barren mares?
= a mare that's been BRED but not pregnant/in foal class I = NORMAL MARE but not exposed to GOOD QUALITY SEMEN class II = TREATABLE abnormal medical issue that caused this class III = HARD-CORE INFERTILITY, serious issues that cannot be corrected or ONLY CORRECTED WITH A LOT OF EFFORT ALWAYS perform a THOROUGH EXAM on barren mares to figure out what the issue is!
42
define foaling mare
a mare that has FOALED during this current season and is LACTATING
43
why should you keep all MAIDEN mares together?
OLDER mares that have been bred before might bully the younger mares and prevent their access to food
44
how many days does it take for the uterus to INVOLUTE after birth in mares?
uterus involutes 6-10 days AFTER birth
45
define "foal heat"
= most mares have FIRST ESTRUS following birth around 9-11 days AFTER
46
define the routine for INTENSIVE MANAGEMENT for breeding mares (4)
1. PALPATE & US mares DAILY during estrus 2. once a 30-35mm SOFT follicle is detected, BREED THEM FIRST and then administer a drug that causes them to OVULATE 3. once they've been bred, PALPATE/US AGAIN to ensure that OVULATION HAS TAKEN PLACE 4. once bred, MONITOR uterine fluid
47
what is DESLORELIN ACETATE used for? WHEN should it be used why is it so WIDELY used?
= INJECTABLE GnRH ANALOG used when 30-40 mm follicle present to INDUCE OVULATION within 48 HOURS WIDELY used because it's FDA-APPROVED
48
define the routine for LOW MANAGEMENT (2) when does this method involve a vet?
1. TEASE MARES DAILY 2. breed mares EVERY OTHER DAY until MARE NOT SEXUALLY RECEPTIVE DOES NOT INVOLVE VET UNTIL THEY WANT MARE PREGNANCY TESTED
49
what is the estrus detection program? what are the 4 things it requires?
= program BEFORE US that we used to determine if estrus was present or not 4 things.. 1. use this routine REGULARLY 2. TEASER STALLION that is INTACT W/ TESTICLES bc mares will not be receptive otherwise 3. COMPETENT STAFF that can handle stallion & mares 4. good RECORDKEEPING
50
name 6 traits that should be in teaser stallions
1. testicles present 2. good libido 3. VOCAL = more vocal he is, better sexual receptivity in the mare 4. well-mannered 5. ENTHUSIASTIC = persists despite mare kicking him 6. GENTLE
51
why can't we use PONIES as teaser stallions?
some mares will not respond to them
52
what is the BEST estrus detection system?
NONE SPECIFICALLY, whatever is EFFECTIVE and USED REGULARLY
53
IDEALLY, how often should mares be TEASED during breeding season?
EVERY DAY
54
why should you NOT tease a mare with a stallion through a stall door?
DANGEROUS, both horses can kick the door
55
if using a chute to tease a mare, what should we make sure is present? (2)
1. chute is OPEN in FRONT AND BACK 2. at least 2 PEOPLE PRESENT (one person per horse)
56
why might stallions have an apron over their penis?
in case he gets loose, DOES NOT ACCIDENTALLY BREED A MARE
57
bringing a MARE to a STALLION'S STALL is only good for mares who..
DISPLAY ESTRUS EASILY
58
estrus definition what are 7 signs that a mare is in estrus? will mares always show all of these behaviors?
= state of SEXUAL RECEPTIVITY 7 signs 1. INTEREST in stallion 2. tail raise 3. neutral ear position 4. ABDUCTION of hindlegs 5. squatting 6. urination 7. permit COPULATION
59
what is "winking" in mares?
eversion of VULVAR LIPS exposing the CLITORIS
60
diestrus definition when a mare in DIESTRUS is exposed to a stallion, she will...
= period of SEXUAL INACTIVITY that occurs between 2 PERIODS OF ESTRUS when female is UNDER INFLUENCE OF PROGESTERONE she will BITE & KICK stallion to PREVENT COPULATION
61
why is it important to be PATIENT when teasing mares?
MAIDEN mares or TIMID mares might show signs of DIESTRUS (sexually inactive, biting, striking, rejecting stallion) because they haven't had much experience with stallions, but given enough time, if they ARE in estrus they'll EVENTUALLY BE SEXUALLY RECEPTIVE
62
what are the 3 types of hormones we can use to MANIPULATE the estrus cycle?
1. PROGESTOGENS 2. PROSTAGLANDINS 3. GONADOTROPINS
63
altrenogest 1. what TYPE of hormone is this & what does it mimic? 2. what does it AIM TO DO? what does it NOT CONTROL though? 3. after taking mare OFF of this, what happens?
1. this is a SYNTHETIC PROGESTOGEN that mimics LUTEAL PHASE OF ESTRUS CYCLE 2. aims to PREVENT DISPLAY OF ESTRUS/SEXUAL RECEPTIVITY, but DOES NOT CONTROL FOLLICULAR WAVES/OVULATION 3. after taking mare OFF altrenogest, ESTRUS OCCURS 4-5 DAYS
64
progesterone in oil as a method to manipulate the estrus cycle what is its half-life? how is it administered?
= helps to PREVENT estrus and SLIGHTLY better at influencing FOLLICULAR WAVES (and therefore ovulation) than Altrenogest half-life of 20 minutes, so administered IM daily
65
LONG-ACTING progesterone as a method of manipulation of estrus cycle
give ONE DOSE per WEEK to PREVENT ESTRUS
66
name 2 PROSTAGLANDINS to manipulate estrus cycle in horses. describe how the first one works!
1. LUTALYSE = natural dinoprosvt that causes LUTEOLYSIS but has TRANSIENT SIDE EFFECTS (sweating, cramping, colic) for 30 min 2. ESTRUMATE (cloprostenol)
67
if we want to use PROSTAGLANDIN to manipulate the estrus cycle in horses, WHAT INFORMATION IS PERTINENT TO KNOW? what EXAM should we perform & why? prostaglandin WILL NOT WORK if... (2) prostaglandin administration is USELESS after ____ ___ because...
information = NEED TO KNOW WHEN MARE OVULATED LAST we should PALPATE/US because WANT TO SEE FOLLICLE SIZE --> if FOLLICLE IS HUGE, then MARE MAY OVULATE BEFORE YOU GET A CHANCE TO GIVE PGE prostaglandin WILL NOT WORK if... 1. if CL is <5 DAYS OLD (CL not mature enough to respond) 2. if LARGE FOLLICLE has STARTED TO UNDERGO ATRESIA by the time of administration (need to wait until another follicle is recruited & matures) prostaglandin administration is USELESS after DAY 14 (of estrus) because MARE HAS ALREADY SEEN ENDOGENOUS PROSTAGLANDIN
68
ovulation will occur in WHAT time range after administering PROSTAGLANDIN to a mare? this time to ovulation is dependent on...
ovulation occurs 2-10 DAYS AFTER administration time to ovulation depends on STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT of FOLLICLES in OVARIES at the TIME OF ADMINISTRATION
69
progesterone-estradiol program AKA called what 2 things? how does it work? (3)
AKA = P&E or P+ how does it work? 1. give ESTRADIOL & PROGESTERONE for 10 DAYS! estradiol SHRINKS ovary and PROGESTERONE prevents horse COMING INTO HEAT 2. on DAY 10, have a SMALL, INACTIVE OVARY and GIVE PROSTAGLANDIN 3. 11 days AFTER PGE, HORSE WILL BUILD FOLLICLE & OVULATE
70
human chorionic gonadotropin what does it cause when given to MARES? what SIZE follicle must be present for ovulation to occur? when does ovulation take place after administration?
when given to MARES, causes FSH and LH-LIKE ACTIVITY to HASTEN OVULATION OF MATURE FOLLICLE follicle must be GREATER THAN OR EQUAL TO 35 MM OVULATION takes place 36-48 HOURS AFTER GIVING
71
what is a stallion's "book?" when is it usually made?
= a list of mares that he's scheduled for to breed during this breeding season book usually MADE in DECEMBER
72
define sperm MOTILITY TOTAL motility? PROGRESSIVE motility? what is the formula?
= total percentage of sperm moving and the percentage of sperm moving in a LINEAR fashion TOTAL motility = percentage of sperm that are MOVING in a sample PROGRESSIVE motility = percentage of sperm moving in FORWARD DIRECTION in a sample TOTAL/PROGRESSIVE motility
73
what is the FORMULA for the TOTAL NUMBER OF SPERM? what ELSE is important to determine for semen evaluation? (1)
VOLUME x CONCENTRATION also important to determine HOW MANY SPERM ARE NORMAL/FUNCTIONAL
74
what is a DENSIMETER & what is it used for?
= SPECTROPHOTOMETER type of device that ESTIMATES SPERM NUMBERS using DENSITY of the sample
75
2 ways to ASSESS MORPHOLOGY of sperm? in both methods, we should quantify sperm as...
1. PHASE CONTRAST MICROSCOPE - buffer FORMAL SALINE FIXED SAMPLES 2. BRIGHT LIGHT MICROSCOPE - EOSIN NIGROSIN STAINED SAMPLES in both methods, COUNT % NORMAL AND % ABNORMAL SPERM
76
how to calculate TOTAL number of MORPHOLOGICALLY NORMAL, PROGRESSIVELY MOTILE sperm?
= total number sperm (vol x conc) x % morphologically normal x % progressively motile
77
how large is the INSEMINATION dose in horses? where is it inserted?
250-500 million NORMAL MOTILE SPERM inserted INTO UTERINE BODY
78
what 3 things do SEMEN EXTENDERS provide sperm?
1. NOURISH sperm 2. keeps sperm at OPTIMAL TEMP by giving them SUFFICIENT VOLUME to PREVENT RAPID TEMP CHANGES 3. ANTIBIOTIC OINTMENT to PREVENT OVERGROWTH OF COMMENSAL SKIN BACTERIA (on genitalia usually)
79
for BREEDING mares, what should we use to cleanse the PERINEUM prior to breeding? (2)
1. SOAP that DOES NOT LEAVE RESIDUE 2. BETADINE
80
why should we NOT use KY jelly when lubricating GLOVE for INSEMINATING mare?
KY JELLY HAS CHLORHEXIDINE that is SPERMICIDAL

Y3 Didactics (11 decks)

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