Male Repro Path Flashcards by Nellie O'Leary

what 3 structures does the mesonephric (wolffian) duct develop into?

epididymis
vas deferens
seminal vesicles

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what embryonic structure develops into the PROSTATE?

urogenital sinus

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the genital/germinal ridge, which is a protrusion from the medial aspect of the ____, develops into the ____

mesonephros, testicles

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what do the primordial germ cells become?

spermatogonia

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if the EPIDIDYMIS did not develop correctly in a bull, which embryonic structure was affected?

MESONEPHRIC (WOLFFIAN) DUCT

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testicular descent times…

bull/ram/buck?

boar?

stallion?

dogs/cats?

bull/ram/buck = mid-gestation

boar = ~90 days gestation

stallion = late gestation to early post-natal

dogs/cats = post-natal up to 6 weeks

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when are testicles considered RETAINED in dogs/cats?

if not descended by 16 weeks

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TRUE/FALSE = it can be normal for a colt to be born without any scrotal testes

YES THIS IS TRUE, may descend sometime in early post-natal period

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TRUE/FALSE = assuming the other testis is NORMAL, UNILATERALLY cryptorchid males are FERTILE

what is the HOWEVER here?

TRUE

HOWEVER, NOT RECOMMEND BREEDING bc this can be a heritable defect

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what are the 4 ways we can use hormones to determine presence of cryptorchid testicle?

AMH
TESTOSTERONE
hCG stimulation test
ESTRONE SULFATE

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what are 2 NON-HORMONAL methods of detecting cryptorchidism?

palpation
ultrasonography

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what gene is primarily responsible for the MALE fate of an embryo?

SRY

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SOX9, FGF2 = ????

WNT4, RSPO1 = ????

SOX9, FGF2 = MALE

WNT4, RSPO1 = FEMALE

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what condition occurs in goats HOMOZYGOUS for the POLLED GENE?

what can it look like phenotypically?

DSD

look like: XX sex reversal –> chromosomal females but have abdominal or partially descended testicles for gonads

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TRUE/FALSE = ordinarily the polled gene is DOMINANT, but when a HOMOZYGOUS polled is present it can have DSD which is RECESSIVE

TRUE

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bull penis…

what kind of penis?

what accessory sex glands are present?

position of testicles?

where does epididymis point?

FIBROELASTIC penis

ALL ACCESSORY GLANDS
1. ampullae
2. LOBULATED seminal vesicles
3. prostate
4. bulbourethral glands

testicles are VERTICAL

epididymis points VENTRALLY

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stallion penis…

what kind of penis?

what accessory sex glands are present?

position of testicles?

where does epididymis point?

MUSCULOCAVERNOUS penis

ALL ACCESSORY GLANDS
1. ampullae
2. SMOOTH seminal vesicles
3. prostate
4. bulbourethral glands

testicles are HORIZONTAL

epididymis HEAD points CRANIALLY

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boar penis…

what kind of penis?

what accessory sex glands are present?

position of testicles?

where does epididymis point (tail specifically)?

FIBROELASTIC penis

accessory sex glands:
1. LOBULATED seminal vesicles
2. prostate
3. VERY LARGE BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS
–> NO AMPULLAE

testicles are VERTICAL

epididymal tail points CAUDODORSALLY

buck/ram penis…

what kind of penis?

what accessory sex glands are present?

position of testicles?

where does epididymis point (tail specifically)?

FIBROELASTIC penis with urethral process

ALL ACCESSORY GLANDS
1. ampullae
2. LOBULATED seminal vesicles
3. prostate
4. bulbourethral glands

testicles are VERTICAL

epididymal tail points VENTRALLY

how is an INGUINAL HERNIA diagnosed via PALPATION PER RECTUM?

palpation reveals BOWEL ENTERING ONE INGUINAL CANAL

transcutaneous ultrasonography of a stallion’s scrotum reveals an absence of blood flow in one spermatic cord, and the tail of the epididymis is facing cranially –> diagnosis?

SPERMATIC CORD TORSION, tail should be facing CAUDALLY

TRUE/FALSE = inguinal hernias are ALWAYS painful on exam

FALSE, usually but not always

how can peritonitis cause a HYDROCELE?

peritonitis or anything that causes increased peritoneal fluid (like hypoproteinemia) can increase FLUID SURROUNDING TESTIS

the MOST LIKELY cause of SCROTAL ENLARGEMENT in an ADULT BREEDING RAM IS…

how is it transmitted?

it mainly affects the… and can cause…

BRUCELLA OVIS

transmitted VENEREALLY

it mainly affects the TAIL OF THE EPIDIDYMIS and can cause POOR QUALITY SEMEN

what causes testicles to MECHANICALLY not be able to descend their full length?

ABNORMAL DEVELOPMENT of CREMASTER MUSCLE

what are 2 horse breeds MOST COMMONLY AFFECTED by CONGENITAL INGUINAL HERNIAS?

1. standardbreds 2. draft breeds

how are CONGENITAL inguinal hernias usually treated? (2 options)

1. can self-correct if it's reducible by 3-12 months 2. if not reducible or if traumatic/direct, then SURGERY

what does an INDIRECT hernia mean in the context of CONGENITAL INGUINAL HERNIA in foals? the CONTENTS of an INDIRECT HERNIA are usually what 2 things?

INDIRECT = hernia contained WITHIN VAGINAL CAVITY within PARIETAL VAGINAL TUNIC contents are usually MESENTERY or INTESTINE

STALLION differential list for ENLARGED SCROTUM (6)

1. INGUINAL HERNIA 2. SPERMATIC CORD TORSION 3. HEMATOMA (trauma) 4. EDEMA 5. HYDROCELE 6. NEOPLASIA

BULL differential list for ENLARGED SCROTUM (9) **some are more applicable for rams

1. HEMATOMA (trauma) 2. DERMATITIS/FROSTBITE 3. EDEMA 4. HYDROCELE 5. NEOPLASIA 6. ORCHITIS (more rams) 7. EPIDIDYMITIS (more rams) 8. GRANULOMA (more rams) 9. ABSCESS (more rams)

RAM differential list for ENLARGED SCROTUM

1. HEMATOMA (trauma) 2. DERAMTITIS/FROSTBITE 3. EDEMA 4. HYDROCELE 5. NEOPLASIA 6. ORCHITIS 7. EPIDIDYMITIS 8. GRANULOMA 9. ABSCESS

differentials for SCROTUM THAT'S TOO SMALL (4)

1. PREPUBERTAL 2. SMALL BREED/PONY 3. TESTICULAR HYPOPLASIA (congenital or incomplete descent) 4. TESTICULAR DEGENERATION

when the SCROTUM appears too SMALL, the issue is usually the ___

TESTICLE

PARAPHIMOSIS definition? what 2 muscles are usually affected? the ___ ___ is often INELASTIC eventually, contusion and STRETCHING of the ___ nerve will lead to PERMANENT ____

definition = INABILITY to FULLY RETRACT PENIS 2 muscles? 1. RETRACTOR PENIS muscle 2. SMOOTH MUSCLE the PREPUTIAL RING is often INELASTIC eventually, contusion and STRETCHING of the PUDENDAL nerve will lead to PERMANENT PARALYSIS

7 causes of PARAPHIMOSIS? which one is the most common?

1. TRAUMA = MOST COMMON 2. PHENOTHIAZINE tranquilizers 3. RESERPINE administration 4. LARGE LESIONS 5. SYSTEMIC DISEASE/EDEMA 6. NEUROGENIC (EHV-1 or RABIES) 7. SEVERE DEBILITATION

what is the MOST IMPORTANT aspect of TREATMENT of ACUTE PARAPHIMOSIS? what other treatments can be used? (4)

MOST IMPORTANT = remove the INCITING CAUSE and GET PENIS BACK INTO SHEATH to break the cycle of EDEMA/SWELLING other treatments? 1. NSAIDs 2. EMOLIENTS 3. ANTIMICROBIALS 4. COLD HOSING

if paraphimosis is REFRACTORY to treatment, what are the 2 surgical interventions that can be performed?

1. BOLZ TECHNIQUE (phallopexy) and CASTRATION 2. AMPUTATION (phallectomy) and CASTRATION

what is the PROGNOSIS of PARAPHIMOSIS if caused by... trauma? phenothiazine administration? neurogenic? severe debilitation?

trauma = EXCELLENT (if acute, worsens with chronicity) phenothiazine = GUARDED to VERY GOOD neurogenic = POOR to GUARDED severe debilitation = POOR

PRIAPISM... definition? commonality? can be caused by WHAT drug? can also be caused by WHAT disease?

definition = swelling due to PERSISTENT ERECTION UNCOMMON can be caused by ALPHA-ADRENERGIC BLOCKADE, specifically PHENOTHIAZINE TRANQUILIZERS can also be caused by RABIES

potential for recurrence of PENILE HEMATOMAS is ___

HIGH

when can surgery be performed for PENILE HEMATOMAS?

5-10 days POST-INJURY

what are the two most common INFECTIOUS causes of ABORTION in cows?

BULLS are ASYMPTOMATIC CARRIERS of... 1. TRITRICHOMONAS 2. CAMPYLOBACTER

usually ___ bulls are more likely to carry TRITRICHOMONAS & CAMPYLOBACTER?

OLDER

how can we DIAGNOSE TRITRICHOMAS & CAMPYLOBACTER in bulls?

CULTURE PREPUTIAL SAMPLES from bulls diamond's media = tritrichomonas clarke's media = campylobacter