Female Repro Path Flashcards by Nellie O'Leary

what 4 structures do the PARAMESONEPHRIC (MULLERIAN) DUCTS develop into?

oviducts
uterus
cervix
vagina

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what does the UROGENITAL SINUS develop into in FEMALES?

VESTIBULE

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the GENITAL (germinal) ridge develops into the ___ in females

OVARIES

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primordial germ cells develop into WHAT in females?

OOGONIA

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how many diploid germ cells PERSIST in the ADULT OVARY?

none

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define what a FREEMARTIN is

occurs most commonly in…

definition = when placental circulations of 2 calves fuse IN UTERO prior to full development of the tubular tract

occurs most commonly in CO-TWIN BULLS

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what is UTERUS UNICORNIS?

what do we see on the IPSILATERAL OVARY?

= a form of SEGMENTAL APLASIA/DYSPLASIA where ONE UTERINE HORN IS MISSING

on ipsilateral ovary, see PERSISTENT CL because LACK OF PGF2a from UTERINE HORN

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a DOUBLE CERVIX is a form of ___ ___ that is caused by….

DOUBLE CERVIX is a form of SEGMENTAL DYSPLASIA that is caused by INCOMPLETE FUSION of PARAMESONEPHRIC (MULLERIAN) DUCTS

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how is the HYMEN formed?

INVAGINATION of the UROGENITAL SINUS meeting the CAUDAL END of the FUSED PARAMESONEPHRIC DUCTS

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traits of COW/RAM female repro tract…

uterine horns?

uterine body?

cervix has ___ ___

ovaries are ___ & ___

what ligament is grasped when retracting?

uterine horns are RELATIVELY LONG & CURVED

uterine body is SHORT

cervix has FIBROUS RINGS

ovaries are SMALL & OVAL

grasp INTERCORNUAL LIGAMENT

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what SHAPE are mare ovaries and WHY?

mares have a ___ cervix

uterine horns in a mare are ___ than in ruminants, and the uterine body is ____

kidney bean-shaped due to OVULATION FOSSA

mares have a MUSCULAR cervix

uterine horns in a mare are SHORTER than in ruminants, and the uterine body is LONGER

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SOW female repro…

uterine horns?

uterine body?

cervix?

uterine horns are LONG & TORTUOUS

SHORT uterine body

cervix is LONG with SPIRAL FIBROUS RINGS

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what does it mean for a sow to be POLYTOCOUS?

she has MULTIPLE BABIES, so has NUMEROUS FOLLICLES or CL on the OVARIES

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if an FSH agonist (PMSG) is administered to a COW, what happens?

why is this often done?

MANY DOMINANT FOLLICLES AT ONCE due to SUPEROVULATION

usually used for EMBRYO TRANSFER

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if a cow that is STANDING TO BE MOUNTED is ACTIVELY BLEEDING (from vulva), what stage of estrus are they in?

what are the chances of pregnancy if you bred the cow right now?

stage = METESTRUS, normal

PREG CHANCE IS LOW because OVULATION HAS ALREADY HAPPENED and OOCYTE has SHORT LIFESPAN AFTER OVULATION (~8 hrs)

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what is hippomane?

when/in what species is it usually found?

= mass of mucoproteinaceous debris and sloughed cells/tissue that forms in the ALLANTOIC cavity of EQUINE PREGNANCY

usually found in STALL after NORMAL FOALING

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what is LOCHIA and how long does it stay around?

LOCHIA = postpartum discharge on endometrial surface of cow that can persist UP TO 14 DAYS

where are NORMAL ENDOMETRIAL CUPS in the MARE’S uterus?

how long are they present for?

produce WHAT?

on the ENDOMETRIUM at the BASE OF THE UTERINE HORNS

present for 40-120 days GESTATION

produce eCG that has LH-LIKE EFFECTS –> causes secondary CL to support pregnancy

what is a FOLLICULAR CYST in cows?

usually present during ___

is there CL on the ovary?

this is common in…

a follicle that is >25mm and PERSISTS for MORE THAN 10 DAYS WITHOUT OVULATION

usually present during ANESTRUS

there IS NOT CL ON OVARY bc cow is NOT OVULATING

this is common in HIGH-PRODUCING DAIRY COWS

often, FOLLICULAR CYSTS will ___-___ if they occur within the first ____ days ____

SELF-CORRECT, 30, POSTPARTUM

how can we treat FOLLICULAR CYSTS? (2 steps)

give an LH agonist like GnRH
then, LYSE this LUTEAL TISSUE via PGF2a

in POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN DISEASE in SOWS…

what do the ovaries look like?

what does it cause? (3)

ovaries are LARGE and covered in MANY OVER-SIZED FOLLICLES WITHOUT CLs

causes…
1. IRREGULAR ESTROUS CYCLES or PERSISTENT ESTRUS
2. INFERTILITY
3. can show signs of DISCOMFORT (bruxism)

what are the two most common (in ranked order) causes of SOW INFERTILITY?

TUBAL ABNORMALITIES (ex = hydrosalpinx)
PCOS

how can PCOS be SECONDARY in sows? (2)

from PMSG administration at improper dose
MOLDY FEED (estrogens)

TRUE/FALSE = it's normal for CL in BOVINES to have FLUID IN CENTER

TRUE

what are "streak" ovaries? especially if found in the mare in JUNE

ovaries that are TOO SMALL and PATHOLOGICALLY INACTIVE for the heart of breeding season

list another name for corpus hemorrhagicum

OVARIAN HEMATOMA

in an OLDER mare, what structure in reproductive system may ATROPHY?

ENDOMETRIAL FOLDS

uterine TORSION in cows... what stages of labor? usually from ___ degree rotation and is ___ to the cervix cow often presents as... how is it diagnosed?

most common in FIRST or SECOND stage of labor usually from 180 degree rotation and is CAUDAL to the cervix cow often presents as ABDOMINAL PAIN w/ NO CALF DELIVERED diagnosed on RECTAL EXAM to find BROAD LIGAMENT STRETCHED & TIGHT

how is uterine torsion CORRECTED in cow? (3) what is the prognosis?

1. ROLLING 2. CORRECTION per VAGINA MANUALLY or DETORSION ROD 3. LAPAROTOMY PROGNOSIS = VARIABLE

what are 2 possible complications of uterine TORSION?

1. uterine RUPTURE 2. uterine ISCHEMIA

in ALPACAS, uterine torsion usually occurs in ___ gestation

LATE

VAGINAL prolapse... usually occurs... (2, when?) most common in WHAT cow breed? it's important to note WHAT about these?

usually occurs... 1. LATE GESTATION 2. SHORTLY AFTER PARTURITION most common in HEREFORDS it's important to note that THIS WILL RECUR IN SUBSEQUENT PREGNANCIES so DO NOT REBREED

the BUHNER TECHNIQUE is used for what pathology?

FIX VAGINAL PROLAPSE

TRUE/FALSE: not all uterine PROLAPSES are emergencies

FALSE, ALWAYS AN EMERGENCY

uterine PROLAPSE... usually occurs... more common in ___ than ___ has a HIGH INCIDENCE IN __-__, ___ ___ cows concurrent ___ is common prognosis is __ IF... what about future pregnancies?

usually occurs IN THIRD STAGE OF LABOR within A FEW HOURS AFTER SECOND ENDS more common in COWS than HEIFERS concurrent HYPOCALCEMIA is common prognosis is GOOD IF TREATED EARLY NO INCREASED RISK OF PROLAPSE FOR FUTURE PREGNANCIES

steps to treat in event of uterine PROLAPSE? (8)

1. advise client to ELEVATE & keep CLEAN 2. relieve RUMINAL TYMPANY w/ STOMACH TUBE 3. put cow is STERNAL RECUMBENCY with HINDLIMBS EXTENDED (if recumbent); if standing ANGLE SLIGHTLY DOWNHILL 4. ELEVATE UTERUS ABOVE THE VULVA 5. WASH uterus & REMOVE FETAL MEMBRANES (if easy) 6. check for BLADDER & INTESTINE and CATHETERIZE if needed 7. replace uterus NEAREST VULVA, SQUEEZE AND PUSH THROUGH using the FLAT OF HAND 8. at the end, make sure all is through the CERVIX

AFTER the uterus has been replaced in UTERINE PROLAPSE... what 2 medications should we administer? ___ ___ should NOT be necessary

should administer OXYTOCIN and CALCIUM VULVAR SUTURES should NOT be necessary

if placement is INCOMPLETE when replacing uterine prolapse...

COW WILL JUST PUSH IT OUT AGAIN

a CYSTADENOMA in a mare... originates from? how do we reach a DEFINITIVE diagnosis?

originates from RETE OVARII or SURFACE epithelium DEFINITIVE diagnosis = HISTOLOGY