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Pig Repro Flashcards

1
Q

what is the NORMAL abortion rate (NON-INFECTIOUS) in sow herds?

A

<2.0%

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2
Q

for gilts/sows, what is the PRIMARY reason for culling?

A

LAMENESS

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3
Q

most boar studs have a ___% replacement rate every year because…

A

100%, we want to get new genetics into the herd each year!

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4
Q

what are 4 signs of INFECTIOUS causes of abortion in sow herds?

A
  1. rapid onset of abortion
  2. variable litter sizes
  3. fetal mummies
  4. stillbirths
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5
Q

when sows have a VIRAL disease, you’ll typically see ___ signs along with reproductive issues

A

SYSTEMIC

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6
Q

when should we INTERVENE and start doing DIAGNOSTICS in swine herd regarding abortion?

A

if rate is >3%

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7
Q

what needs to be LOST if sows are to TERMINATE pregnancy?

A

CL, THEY’RE DEPENDENT

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8
Q

systemic illness –> abortion? (4 steps)

A
  1. systemic illness causes STRESS (cortisol rises)
  2. affects uterus
  3. uterus releases PROSTAGLANDINS
  4. PGF2a LYSES CL and causes ABORTION
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9
Q

if reproductive issues occur BEFORE day ___, we will typically see ___ of tissues and therefore no physical signs of ___ because ___ ___ hasn’t occurred

A

35, resorption, abortion, skeletal calcification

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10
Q

if RESORPTION occurs (meaning reproductive disruption occurs before day 35 of gestation), what happens to the sow next?

A

IRREGULAR RETURN TO ESTRUS

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11
Q

what 4 types of SAMPLES should we take in cases of abortion & necropsying piglets?

A
  1. 4-6 fetuses PER LITTER; 3 LITTERS that are EITHER CHILLED/FROZEN
  2. SALIVA
  3. SERUM
  4. PLACENTA
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12
Q

what are some NON-INFECTIOUS causes of abortion in sows? (4)

A
  1. management
  2. genetics
  3. environment
  4. nutrition
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13
Q

what is an easy vessel for ABORTION?

how do we prevent this?

A

AIRBORNE

have AIR FILTRATION SYSTEM that filters all air before entering barn

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14
Q

what can cause VACCINE FAILURE? (7)

A
  1. dumping vaccine into a manure pit
  2. not giving vaccine on-time
  3. ignoring maternal interference (of antibodies)
  4. giving reduced doses
  5. improper method and site of vaccination
  6. improper vaccine handling (outdated, poor storage)
  7. animals are unhealthy when vaccinated
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15
Q

what is the most common PATHOLOGIC cause of VULVAR DISCHARGE in sows?

A

ENDOMETRITIS

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16
Q

we should INTERVENE if >__-__% of breeding group shows clinical signs of ___ ___

A

> 5-10%, VULVAR DISCHARGE

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17
Q

in URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS in sows…

usually produces a ___ amount of discharge

discharge & estrous cycle?

more common in ___ parity animals

A

SMALL AMOUNT

DISCHARGE is NOT RELATED to ESTROUS CYCLE

more common in OLDER parity animals

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18
Q

in UTERINE INFECTIOUS (endometritis)…

___ amount of vulvar discharge

when is this discharge usually seen?

systemic signs?

what is the usual cause?

common in ____-___ animals

A

LARGE amount of vulvar discharge

discharge seen WITHIN 6 DAYS OF EXPECTED ESTRUS & >10 days POST-BREEDING

NO SYSTEMIC SIGNS

usual cause is breeding AI at WRONG TIME when UTERUS UNDER INFLUENCE OF PROGESTERONE

common in NON-PREGNANT animals

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19
Q

VAGINITIS…

___ amount of vulvar discharge

relation to estrous cycle?

most common in ___ ___, why?

A

MODERATE amount

discharge UNRELATED TO ESTROUS CYCLE

most common in PERIPUBERTAL GILTS because the HORMONAL CHANGES lead to MICROFLORA CHANGES in vagina

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20
Q

TRUE/FALSE: the CHARACTERISTICS of vaginal discharge in sows is of MINIMAL DIAGNOSTIC VALUE

A

TRUE

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21
Q

instead, what 2 things should we look at for the vulvar discharge to determine the cause?

A
  1. TIMING of discharge
  2. VOLUME of discharge
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22
Q

as PARITY increases, we see increase in…

what else can affect this?

A

LITTER SIZE

OVULATION can also drive litter size

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23
Q

MATERNAL breeds of swine will have ____ ____ than TERMINAL breeds

A

HIGHER PARITIES (more births)

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24
Q

what is HETEROSIS in commercial herds?

A

we DO NOT USE PUREBREDS FOR COMMERCIAL HERDS, so we CROSSBREED (heterosis) so that we can HAVE MORE PIGLETS/LITTER

25
why is the LITTER SEX RATIO important? why?
if MORE MALES THAN FEMALES in a litter, GILTS WILL BE LESS REPRODUCTIVELY SUCCESSFUL why? = females are exposed to MALE HORMONES and IMPEDES DEVELOPMENT OF REPRODUCTIVE TRACT
26
if there's a LOW-FAT DIET, how does this affect litter sex ratio? what does this help in the production system?
MORE FEMALES > MALES helps make REPLACEMENT GILTS
27
TRUE/FALSE: gilts will OVULATE MORE OOCYTES than their UTERUS has CAPACITY for
TRUE
28
it is NORMAL to have ___% embryonic loss in the first ___ days of pregnancy
40%, 25
29
why should you allow gilts to CYCLE 2+ times BEFORE breeding her?
every time uterine horns are exposed to ESTROGEN, causes them to GET BIGGER and ACCOMMODATE LARGER LITTER SIZES
30
what is the OPTIMAL length of LACTATION for sows in US herds?
18-21 days
31
if we wean pigs before ___-___ days, then we will ___ litter size because of ____ ____ ____
13-16, DECREASE, INSUFFICIENT UTERINE INVOLUTION
32
what is SEASONAL INFERTILITY? this is often dependent on ___
when IT'S TOO HOT --> ANIMALS EAT LESS and can cause DELAY IN PUBERTY this is often dependent on GENETICS (how sensitive they are to heat)
33
what is AUTUMN ABORTION SYNDROME? clinical signs?
in northern hemisphere (sept-oct), see INCREASE IN ABORTIONS due to BOTH TEMP and LIGHTING CHANGES clinical signs are ONLY ABORTION, NOTHING ELSE
34
what temperature & humidity causes HEAT STRESS in pigs?
>80F and >50% RH
35
why is heat stress a potential DOWNSTREAM effector?
piglets exposed to high heat IN UTERO likely to have POORER REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE once they reach ADULT AGE
36
what is one way we control heat stress in pigs?
using EVAPORATIVE COOLING (sprinklers)
37
what is the NUMBER ONE cause of NUTRITIONAL REPRODUCTIVE WASTAGE in pigs?
MYCOTOXINS
38
what are 2 common minerals that can be DEFICIENT in cases of nutritional causes of reproductive failure?
IODINE & SELENIUM
39
what are MYCOTOXINS? how can they develop? (2)
= natural CHEMICAL METABOLITES of FUNGI (mold or yeast) that has deleterious effects on repro develop via.. 1. crops are STRESSED when being grown out in the field 2. crops are IMPROPERLY STORED allowing for mold/yeast growth
40
pigs are EXTREMELY sensitive to WHICH MYCOTOXIN?
AFLATOXINS (aspergillus)
41
AFLATOXINS cause a disruption in WHAT system besides reproductive? in males...
ENDOCRINE in males, it can DISRUPT SPERM PRODUCTION
42
TRICHOTHECENES... what are these? give 2 examples causes ___ disruption
these are MYCOTOXINS, 2 examples... 1. DON (VOMITOXIN) 2. T-2 causes ENDOCRINE disruption
43
FUMONISINS... what are these? causes... (2)
MYCOTOXINS causes... 1. impaired STEROIDOGENIC capacity (unable to make steroids) 2. GONADAL ISSUES
44
OCHRATOXINS... what are they? causes damage to what 2 organs? in sows...
MYCOTOXINS causes damage to... 1. gut 2. kidneys in sows, can cause DELAYED ENTRY INTO PUBERTY
45
ZEARALENONE what is it? has ___ effects, and also causes ____ ____ ___
MYCOTOXIN has ESTROGENIC effects, and also causes IMPAIRED STEROIDOGENIC CAPACITY
46
ERGOT ALKALOIDS... what is this? causes ____, which can then cause things like ____ can see lesions on the ___
MYCOTOXIN causes VASOCONSTRICTION, which can then cause ISCHEMIA can see lesions on the FEET
47
what is the treatment of mycotoxins?
NONE, need to PREVENT & TEST
48
give 4 methods of CONTROL/DECONTAMINATION of feed to prevent MYCOTOXINS
1. MOLD INHIBITORS 2. INORGANIC BINDERS 3. ORGANIC ABSORBENTS (fiber) 4. CHEMICAL ALTERATION/DEGRADATION
49
CYSTIC OVARIES... diagnosed via... treatment?
diagnosed via US treatment = CULL
50
generally, sows move into FARROWING HOUSE ___-___ days PRIOR to ____ ____ ____ once they move here, then we reduce ___ for the last ___-___ ___ because...
2-3, EXPECTED FARROWING DATE FEED, 12-24 HOURS because REDUCES DYSTOCIA
51
TRUE/FALSE: we usually know when the farrowing time/date is in sows because we INDUCE it with ___
TRUE, PROSTAGLANDIN
52
piglets can be presented in WHAT 2 POSITIONS?
CRANIAL or CAUDAL
53
how long are the INTERVALS between EACH PIGLET BEING DELIVERED? shouldn't be longer than....
~45 mins on AVG shouldn't be longer than 1 HOUR
54
when should we give PROSTAGLANDIN to sows to induce farrowing? how long after administration should farrowing occur?
give on day 112-113 to induce farrowing 18-36 HOURS LATER
55
what are 5 signs of DYSTOCIA?
1. straining and no piglets 2. prolonged DELAY of onset of farrowing 3. FOUL DISCHARGE 4. no passage of PLACENTA 5. PREMATURE CESSATION OF LABOR
56
what is the TOP CAUSE OF PORCINE DYSTOCIA? 2 types of this?
UTERINE INTERTIA primary = ANIMAL HAS NEVER SHOWED SIGNS OF FARROWING secondary = she STARTED TO FARROW but UTERUS IS NOT CONTRACTING DUE TO EXHAUSTION
57
when we've ensured the BIRTH CANAL is CLEAR and sow is still having DYSTOCIA, what medication can we give? what TYPE of drug is this? before RE-ADMINISTERING this, what should we do?
OXYTOCIN this is a STRONG ECBOLIC drug before RE-ADMINISTERING, PERFORM VAGINAL EXAM (birth canal must be clear)
58
what is the BEST medical treatment for PRIMARY uterine inertia?
PROSTAGLANDIN to LYSE CL and induce uterine contractions
59
what is the MAIN cause of SECONDARY UTERINE INERTIA in sows?
LOW CALCIUM

Y3 Didactics (11 decks)

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