Camelid Repro Flashcards by Nellie O'Leary

what is a DROMEDARY vs. BACTRIAN?

DROMEDARY = TWO HUMPS

BACTRIAN = ONE HUMP

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

llamas are mainly used for…

PREDATOR MANAGEMENT (sheep)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

alpaca…

INTACT male?

CASTRATED male?

INTACT = male

CASTRATED = gelding

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

llama…

INTACT male?

CASTRATED male?

INTACT = male or STUD

CASTRATED = gelding

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

where are the TESTICLES in camelids?

contained within a NON-PENDULOUS SCROTUM at the LEVEL OF ISCHIAL ARCH

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

describe prepuce in CAMELIDS

prepuce is triangularly shaped and has a FLATTENED OPENING pointed POSTERIORLY

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

camelid penis…

what TYPE is it?

name 3 traits

FIBROELASTIC

3 traits?
1. sigmoid flexure
2. hook-shaped
3. cartilaginous glans penis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

TRUE/FALSE: many male CAMELIDS have an attachment between PENIS and PREPUCE that DOES NOT COME UNATTACHED UNTIL 2-3 YEARS OLD, meaning…

TRUE

meaning that THEY’RE NOT USED FOR BREEDING UNTIL THIS GOES AWAY (2-3 years old)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

accessory sex glands in camelids?

ALL EXCEPT SEMINAL VESICLES

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

on AVERAGE, how long does breeding last in camelids?

what’s the full range?

on avg = 20-25 mins

can last 5-65 mins

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is BALANITIS? what can it cause?

BALANITIS = inflammation of GLANS PENIS

can cause DIFFICULTY PERFORMING INTROMISSION in male camelids

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is POSTHITIS? what can it cause?

POSTHITIS = inflammation of the PREPUCE

can cause DIFFICULTY PERFORMING INTROMISSION in male camelids

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

difference between PREPUTIAL STENOSIS and PARAPHIMOSIS?

preputial stenosis = preputial ring becomes SMALL so WE CANNOT EXTRUDE PENIS

paraphimosis = trauma/swelling causes PENIS UNABLE TO BE RETRACTED

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

name 4 causes of LOW SPERM NUMBERS/POOR SEMEN QUALITY in camelid males

HEAT STRESS/HYDROCELE = insulates sperm
TESTICULAR HYPOPLASIA = congenital abnormality
CRYPTORCHIDISM = especially if BOTH retained
ORCHITIS = usually from trauma to scrotum causing inflammation of testicles

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

how should we evaluate a scrotum EXTERNALLY during BSE on a camelid?

PALPATION AND US

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

difference between looking at accessory sex glands in LLAMAS vs ALPACAS?

in llamas, we can FEEL THEM VIA RECTAL PALPATION AND US, but alpacas too small for rectal

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

how do we usually collect SEMEN SAMPLE in camelids? why?

take SEMEN SAMPLE from CRANIAL ASPECT of VAGINA AFTER BREEDING

because we’d have to sedate males to use AV or electroejaculation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

which species ejaculate DIRECTLY into the UTERUS? (2)

STALLION & CAMELID

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

why is it difficult to assess MOTILITY in camelid semen?

what can we do to solve this?

semen is VISCOUS due to mucopolysaccharides released from PROSTATE & BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS

we CAN add enzymes to cause this, but not super common

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is a HEMBRA?

a FEMALE ALPACA

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what do the OVARIES look like in CAMELIDS?

SMALL, GLOBULAR & IRREGULARLY SHAPED

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

in camelids, the OVIDUCTS are ___, ___ & ____ and they also have ___ ___ which has a ____ that functions like a VALVE

long, narrow, convoluted, oviductal papilla, sphincter

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

which 2 species have OVIDUCTAL PAPILLA?

HORSE & CAMELIDS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what type of UTERUS do CAMELIDS have?

are there intercornual ligaments?

which horn is LONGER

BICORNUATE

NO INTERCORNUAL LIGAMENTS

LEFT UTERINE HORN LONGER THAN RIGHT

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the VESTIBULE & VAGINA are very ___ in the camelid which prevents DIGITAL PALPATION of the ___

LONG, CERVIX

how should the VULVA look in a camelid? what do we NEED to look inside vagina of camelid?

UPRIGHT with WELL-APPOSED TIPS need a SPECULUM to look inside female camelid

describe the cervix in camelids (3)

1. has EXTERNAL CERVICAL OS that protrudes into VAGINA ("donut") 2. ~1 cm diameter 3. has 2-4 ANNULAR FOLDS to accommodate corkscrew penis

when do we usually breed camelids (WEIGHT & AGE)

at around 2/3 OF MATURE WEIGHT or 2-3 YEARS OLD

camelids are ___ ovulates what does this mean?

INDUCED ovulators DO NOT HAVE ESTROUS CYCLES, constant waves of follicles so ALMOST ALWAYS RECEPTIVE TO MALE

whether follicles are LARGE or SMALL AND REGRESSING, they're always releasing ___ in CAMELIDS, meaning that she is consistently ____

ESTROGEN, RECEPTIVE

ovulation in camelids ONLY OCCURS...

IF BRED

how do males INDUCE ovulation in females? (3)

1. males have OVULATION-INDUCING FACTOR in SEMINAL PLASMA (betaNGF) 2. gets ABSORBED and stimulates GnRH --> LH 3. causes OVULATION ~30 HOURS AFTER BREEDING

ovulation will take place ~30 hours after breeding IF... (2)

1. follicle is >7mm 2. follicle is in GROWTH/MATURATION phase of follicular wave

will we see ovulation if a camelid female has a FOLLICLE >7mm in the REGRESSION PHASE of follicular wave when bred?

these follicles will LUTEINIZE (WILL NOT RELEASE OOCYTE) and SECRETE PROGESTERONE FOR 5 DAYS, so not receptive at first

if females OVULATE but DO NOT CONCEIVE (meaning she's formed CL but does not get pregnant), what happens?

she will NOT BE RECEPTIVE FOR 12 DAYS until LUTEOLYSIS OCCURS

even though both CATS and CAMELIDS are INDUCED ovulators, what are the difference?

cats are BRED MORE and HAVE MORE LH SECRETION & OVULATIONS camelids have SHORT or LONG MATINGS, and ONLY CAUSES ONE OVULATION OR LH RELEASE REGARDLESS --> no benefit to breeding day after day

what is the GESTATION length in camelids?

~340 days

we should NOT breed camelids in ___ or ___ months, but otherwise we can breed them ALL YEAR LONG

HOT, COLD

if a female is CUSHING, what does that mean?

she's under INFLUENCE OF ESTROGEN and RECEPTIVE

after initially BREEDING A RECEPTIVE FEMALE or TRYING TO BREED A NON-RECEPTIVE, what should we do?

RE-PRESENT HER TO MALE IN 7 DAYS TO SEE IF SHE NEEDS TO BE BRED AGAIN (if receptive, pregnancy not successful)

once the female is SPITTING OFF MALE in 3 WEEKS, what should we do?

ULTRASOUND FOR PREGNANCY

name CL-dependent species (3)

CAMELIDS, GOATS, PIGS

MOST pregnancies develop in the ___ uterine horns in CAMELIDS

LEFT (larger)

how is PARTURITION INDUCED in camelids and WHY? when is this usually done?

give PROSTAGLANDIN to cause LUTEOLYSIS bc they're CL-dependent this is usually done ONLY TO SAVE THE LIFE OF THE DAM

we should check females REGULARLY as significant ___ ___ occur up to ___ days of gestation

fetal losses, 90

pregnancy diagnosis via RECTAL palpation?

after 35 days, RECTAL PALPATION --> should feel BULGE IN LEFT UTERINE HORN

why is PROGESTERONE concentration NOT A RELIABLE TEST FOR PREGNANCY DIAGNOSIS?

because female can LUTEINIZE FOLLICLE AFTER BREEDING and it can PERSIST even if she DOESN'T GET PREGNANT

what is BALLOTMENT?

when female is heavily PREGNANT, go to LEFT SIDE and PUSH ON ABDOMEN to PUSH UTERUS AWAY and when uterus comes back, FETUS SHOULD HIT HAND

what is the MOST RELIABLE WAY TO DIAGNOSE PREGNANCY in CAMELIDS? (2 kinds & when they're reliable?)

US RECTAL US is most reliable by 3 WEEKS TRANSABDOMINAL most reliable after 60 DAYS (at left lateral abdomen)

when does the embryo come down into the UTERUS in camelids?

5-6 DAYS

describe the TIMINGS for 3 STAGES OF LABOR in the camelid

1. FIRST STAGE = 2-6 HOURS and up to 24 HOURS 2. SECOND STAGE = 30-90 MINUTES 3. THIRD STAGE = within 2-4 HOURS

what is the HALLMARK of the SECOND STAGE OF LABOR in camelids? (2 things)

1. RUPTURE OF CHORIOALLANTOIS 2. DELIVERY OF FETUS

at what time do camelids usually deliver?

MORNING OR EARLY AFTERNOON

if camelids DO NOT pass placenta in THIRD STAGE LABOR, is this an emergency?

what is the EPIDERMAL MEMBRANE? what happens after baby is born?

CRIA (baby camelid) born with a THIN MEMBRANE that attaches at MUCOCUTANEOUS JUNCTIONS, CORONARY BANDS & UMBILICUS once baby is born, it'll DESSICATE AND FLAKE OFF BODY

what TYPE of placenta do camelids have? (4 terms), and this is similar to WHAT OTHER SPECIES? the amnion is ___ adhered to the ____

1. DIFFUSE 2. MICROCOTYLEDONARY 3. EPITHELIOCHORIAL 4. NON-DECIDUATE this is similar to the MARE'S PLACENTA the amnion is CLOSELY adhered to the ALLANTOCHORION

how long can LOCHIA be seen postpartum in camelids?

UP TO 1 WEEK POSTPARTUM

how long does UTERINE INVOLUTION take in camelids?

15-20 days POSTPARTUM

pregnancy rates are BETTER if females are bred >___ ___ postpartum to allow complete ___ ___, despite female being RECEPTIVE within ___ ___

>20 DAYS, UTERINE INVOLUTION, 4 DAYS

what are the 2 most common PERIPARTURIENT problems in camelids?

1. UTERINE TORSION 2. DYSTOCIA

when do CAMELIDS tend to develop UTERINE TORSION? how is a DIAGNOSIS made? treatment options? (2)

around 8 MONTHS gestation --> TERM DIAGNOSIS = RECTAL PALPATION and feeling BROAD LIGAMENT and WHATEVER DIRECTION THEY'RE TWISTED treatment? 1. ROLLING sedated female 2. SURGICAL CORRECTION

if BROAD LIGAMENT is diving down to the RIGHT on palpation, uterine torsion is ____, and if it's diving down to the LEFT, it's ___

RIGHT = CLOCKWISE LEFT = COUNTERCLOCKWISE

besides rectal palpation, what other diagnostic do we perform on camelid with UTERINE TORSION? why? (2)

TRANSABDOMINAL US why? 1. is FETUS alive or dead? 2. does uterus have GOOD INTEGRITY? ok to roll or should we go to surgery to AVOID RUPTURE?

when ROLLING camelid for uterine torsion, we roll them in the ___ direction of the torsion

SAME

if a camelid has a CLOCKWISE uterine torsion, she should start in ___ LATERAL RECUMBENCY if a camelid has a COUNTERCLOCKWISE uterine torsion, she should start in ___ LATERAL RECUMBENCY

start in LEFT if CLOCKWISE start in RIGHT if COUNTERCLOCKWISE

what is a COMMON COMPLICATION of ROLLING for UTERINE TORSION?

can cause ABORTION

what is the MOST COMMON CAUSE OF DYSTOCIA in camelids?

MALPOSTURE --> NECK AND LIMBS MALPOSITIONED because they're long

why should you not PULL FETUS'S SHOULDERS STRAIGHT INTO PELVIS when trying to deliver?

shoulders are the WIDEST PART OF BABY, so need to ROTATE IT SLIGHTLY to fit it through

name 5 common CONGENITAL abnormalities that can cause reproductive issues in camelids

1. HYPOPLASTIC OVARIES 2. SEGMENTAL APLASIA (uterus or vagina not connected) 3. UTERUS UNICORNIS 4. PERSISTENT HYMEN 5. CERVICAL MALFORMATIONS

if a female FAILS to ovulate AFTER BREEDING, what can we give to induce ovulation?

hCG

what constitutes a CYSTIC FOLLICLE in camelids? what about a HEMORRHAGIC CYST? how do we treat it?

CYSTIC follicle = >12 mm follicle HEMORRHAGIC CYST = >35 mm filled with blood NO NEED TO TREAT, usually go away on their own and can resume normal reproduction

what is a common INFECTIOUS cause of infertility in camelids? how is it diagnosed? how is it treated?

BACTERIAL ENDOMETRITIS diagnosed via UTERINE CULTURE & CYTOLOGY treated via ANTIBIOTICS INFUSED INTO UTERUS

TRUE/FALSE: when performing rectal US, we apply HEAVY SEDATION

FALSE, USUALLY DO NOT NEED SEDATION for RECTAL US or PALPATION

3 common INFECTIOUS causes of abortion in camelids?

1. LEPTOSPIROSIS 2. TOXOPLASMOSIS 3. CHLAMYDIA