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Y3 Didactics > Dairy Cow Repro Management > Flashcards

Dairy Cow Repro Management Flashcards

1
Q

the number of dairy operations ____ each year, while the number of cattle ____ ____ because…

A

DECLINE, remain STATIC

because CATTLE GETTING MOVED TO CONGLOMERATE ORGANIZATIONS

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2
Q

why can’t we try and induce lactation WITHOUT pregnancy? (2)

A
  1. requires A LOT of hormone use and time
  2. DOES NOT make as much milk as a cow that is pregnant!
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3
Q

what is a dairy advisory team?

A

PA government provides MONEY to support a team of a vet, manager, nutritionist etc that meets together regularly to discuss overall HEALTH of dairy herd

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4
Q

what kinds of diseases are common in…

MILK-fed calves?

OFF-MILK calves?

A

MILK-fed = ENTERIC diseases

OFF-MILK = RESPIRATORY diseases

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5
Q

the IDEAL dairy cow…

is born…

growth rate?

when do they reach puberty?

when should they CONCEIVE?

when should they CALVE? what is the interval BETWEEN calving?

overall, these dates allow for…

A

is born WITHOUT GENETIC PROBLEMS/DYSTOCIA

OPTIMAL growth rate

puberty = 8-9 MONTHS

conceive = at 15 MONTHS

calve = at 24 MONTHS and every 12-13 MONTHS

overall, these dates allow for MAXIMUM PRODUCTION AND BEST LACTATION POSSIBLE

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6
Q

dairy cattle should stay in their herd for AT LEAST ____ ____

A

3 LACTATIONS

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7
Q

when do cows PEAK at the amount of milk they produce?

A

60-90 days postpartum

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8
Q

why do cows have to go through a DRY period? (2)

how long does this period usually take?

A
  1. GET RID OF OLD MILK PRODUCING CELLS (alveoli) and DUCT SYSTEMS
  2. REST and allow NEW CELLS & DUCTS TO DEVELOP?

this period usually lasts ~60 days PRIOR to next calving

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9
Q

what does the AREA UNDER THE CURVE in a lactation curve represent?

A

NET AMOUNT OF MILK PRODUCED

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10
Q

what are the 2 main goals of a dairy reproductive health program?

A
  1. IMPROVE reproductive efficiency
  2. MINIMIZE REPRODUCTION/HEALTH related LOSS
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11
Q

at WHAT TIME POSTPARTUM should a cow begin CYCLING again to reach IDEAL CALVING INTERVAL?

again, what is the ideal calving interval?

A

ideally 4 WEEKS POSTPARTUM

interval = every 12-13 MONTHS

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12
Q

how many days POSTPARTUM should a cow ENTER BREEDING HERD again?

by how many days POSTPARTUM should a cow be able to conceive again?

A

enter BREEDING herd = by 45 DAYS postpartum

CONCEIVE = by 70-80 DAYS postpartum

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13
Q

a SHORT calving interval helps to achieve what 4 goals?

A
  1. INCREASES number of LACTATIONS per LIFETIME
  2. INCREASES time spent in EARLY LACTATION (most lucrative period)
  3. NUMBER of CALVES PRODUCED
  4. REDUCES CULLING
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14
Q

pregnancy rate…

definition (terms & formula)

what is the GOAL?

define the CUTOFFS for each parameter

how is this usually calculated?

A

= % of cows getting pregnant in a 21 day interval; HEAT DETECTION RATE x CONCEPTION RATE

GOAL = 35%

HEAT DETECTION RATE = has to be >70%

CONCEPTION RATE = usually <50%

usually calculated using a COMPUTER

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15
Q

how can MALNUTRITION cause DELAY in cyclicity postpartum?

A

low nutrition = LOW ESTROGEN LEVELS = LOW GnRH = POOR FOLLICULAR GROWTH = NO CYCLICITY

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16
Q

what is the HORMONE that causes A POSITIVE FEEDBACK loop in cyclicity in cows? & how does it work?

A

ESTRADIOL

gives POSITIVE FEEDBACK to HYPOTHALAMUS to CREATE GnRH –> FSH & LH –> MATURE FOLLICLES & CYCLING

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17
Q

BCS in dairy cattle

why is it not often used?

what are the numbers? increments?

A

NOT OFTEN used because usually want to assess herd as a whole, not based on individuals

1-5, can use .25 increments to specify

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18
Q

risk for cows postpartum that can affect their cyclicity?

A

have a HIGHER ENERGY REQUIREMENT since usually postpartum in NEGATIVE ENERGY BALANCE, so if not adequately fed –> poor nutrition

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19
Q

in the REAL WORLD, what is the range for PREGNANCY RATES in dairy cattle?

> ___% = doing well

<___% = needs improvement

A

range = 16-20%

> 20% = doing well

<15% = needs improvement

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20
Q

CULLING should be based on ___, and culling for ____ ____ is COSTLY

A

PRODUCTION, REPRODUCTIVE FAILURE

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21
Q

what is the TARGET CULLING RATE RANGE for a dairy cattle herd per YEAR?

what are the top 3 reasons for CULLING in dairy herds?

A

target culling rate = 25-35% of HERD/YEAR

top 3 reasons?
1. MASTITIS
2. REPRODUCTIVE PROBLEMS
3. LAMENESS/INJURY

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22
Q

MASTITIS in dairy cattle often appears in WHAT part of lactation cycle? why?

A

often appears in FIRST PART OF LACTATION POSTPARTUM because COW IS MAKING A TON OF PRODUCT –> large amount of milk OVERWHELMS SPHINCTER barriers –> PATHOGENS get through

23
Q

describe pathophys of cows getting MASTITIS to SYSTEMIC illness and abortion? (4)

A
  1. MASTITIS often due to GRAM-NEGATIVE pathogens with an LPS
  2. these can cause ENDOTOXEMIA
  3. then, release A LOT OF PROSTAGLANDINS which cause LUTEOLYSIS
  4. cows are FULLY CL-DEPENDENT THROUGH PREGNANCY for CL to produce PROGESTERONE, so if it’s DESTROYED by PROSTAGLANDIN –> ABORTION
24
Q

how many months old should REPLACEMENT HEIFERS be when they CONCEIVE?

how are they usually bred?

how many months old should they be when CALVING?

if OPTIMAL growth is achieved in replacement heifers…

A

heifers should be 15 MONTHS when they CONCEIVE

usually bred with AI

should be 24 MONTHS WHEN CALVING

if OPTIMAL growth is achieved, can CALVE at 20-21 MONTHS

25
WHEN should you palpate cows for pregnancy as a vet? (trick question) USUALLY, it's....
IT'S VARIABLE, there's no exact timeframe that's best! USUALLY, it's >35 days AFTER BREEDING
26
if a cow is NOT detected to be IN HEAT by ____ days POSTPARTUM or if they've had >____ breedings without getting pregnant, then they should be examined
60 days, >3 breedings
27
TRUE/FALSE = cows that have CALVED RECENTLY without ANY OVERT PROBLEMS DO NOT need to be examined why?
TRUE why? = usually just find a LOW-GRADE INFECTION, so just put everyone on antibiotics assuming that you'd find this anyway
28
FRESH cows in the first ___ days postpartum should be monitored for DAILY ___ ___
10 days postpartum, BODY TEMPERATURE
29
if a cow has ELEVATED ___ ___ of >___ for ____ consecutive days, then they should receive ___ ____
BODY TEMPERATURE, 103.5, 2, SYSTEMIC TREATMENT
30
many cows will OVULATE or form ____ ____ between DAYS ___ and ____ POSTPARTUM often, there is NO....
LUTEINIZED FOLLICLES, 15 and 30 often, there is NO ESTRUS ASSOCIATED WITH THIS EVENT
31
what are the 2 types of RECORD SYSTEMS used on dairy farms?
1. Dairy Comp 305 2. PC DART
32
give 3 reasons as to why a SHORT CALVING INTERVAL is NOT A GOOD MONITORING PARAMETER
1. BIAS = does not include CULLED cows, FIRST-CALF HEIFERS and NON-BRED cows 2. LAG = it takes AN ENTIRE PREGNANCY LENGTH before EFFECT BECOMES APPARENT 3. MOMENTUM = requires 2 CONSECUTIVE CALVING DATES for calculations
33
days open definition? what is the TARGET range? how is it BIASED?
definition = time between when they CALVE to WHEN THEY GET PREGNANT AGAIN TARGET range = 80-90 DAYS BIASED = EXCLUDES REPEAT BREEDERS and CULLS
34
the amount of DAYS OPEN a cow is is determined by what 3 factors?
1. VOLUNTARY WAITING PERIOD (between breeding?) 2. the ESTRUS DETECTION RATE 3. CONCEPTION RATE
35
what happens if you MISS catching signs that a cow is in ESTRUS?
GO WAY BEYOND 70-90 DAYS OPEN GOAL and NEGATIVE DOWNSTREAM PRODUCTIVE EFFECTS
36
what is the PRIMARY sign of ESTRUS in cattle?
STANDING TO BE MOUNTED
37
what has the GREATEST IMPACT on CALVING INTERVAL?
HEAT DETECTION RATE for FIRST SERVICE
38
TRUE/FALSE = at the time of estrus, cows tend to REDUCE their activity
FALSE = they MOVE MORE when in ESTRUS!
39
how do we usually perform HEAT DETECTION now?
rely on PRE-SYNCH or TIMELY ADMINISTRATION of HORMONES AT THE SAME TIME
40
how many days POSTPARTUM should cows be seen IN HEAT? what PERCENT of the herd should this be true for?
60 DAYS POSTPARTUM this should be true for >90% OF THE HERD
41
>___% of cows should be PREGNANT after __-40 DAYS >___% of cows should be PREGNANT after __-45 DAYS
>60% of cows should be PREGNANT after 35-40 DAYS >70% of cows should be PREGNANT after 42-45 DAYS
42
what does the PREGNANCY PALPATION RATE (PPR) determine?
PPR determines if the HEAT DETECTION SYSTEM is WORKING OR NOT
43
what is the NORMAL INTERESTROUS interval in dairy cattle?
18-24 DAYS
44
what is the TARGET CONCEPTION RATE for the FIRST SERVICE? what is the problem if this is NOT a good value?
target rate = 50% AT FIRST SERVICE if this is NOT a good value, it's HARD TO CHANGE
45
give 4 benefits of ESTRUS SYNCHRONIZATION
1. can FOCUS EFFORT OF HEAT DETECTION ON A SHORT SPECIFIC NUMBER OF DAYS 2. MORE COWS are IN HEAT AT THE SAME TIME 3. IMPROVES the heat detection for the FIRST SERVICE 4. SYNCHRONIZED PREGNANCY EXAMS
46
what 2 hormones does OVSYNCH use?
BOTH PROSTAGLANDIN AND GnRH!!!!
47
the OVSYNCH program DOES NOT WORK AS WELL IN...
HEIFERS (have not calved prior and cannot produce strong enough follicular waves)
48
when should you start PRESYNCH in context of OVSYNCH? what does PRESYNCH give to initiate ovulation?
give PRESYNCH (prostaglandin) 2 WEEKS before STARTING OVSYNCH PRESYNCH gives PROSTAGLANDIN, which will then LUTEOLYZE CL --> OVULATE
49
describe FULL ideal program of PRESYNCH & OVSYNCH with dates (6)
1. give PRESYNCH (prostaglandin) 2. 2 weeks later, give ANOTHER DOSE OF PROSTAGLANDIN 3. 11 days after that, give GnRH (start OVSYNCH) 4. 7 days later, give PROSTAGLANDIN 5. 56 hours later, give GnRH again. 6. BREED 16 HOURS LATER
50
when is the BEST TIME to give GnRH to a cow?
BETWEEN DAYS 5-12 OF HER CYCLE
51
likelihood of PREGNANCY with OVSYNCH alone? likelihood of PREGNANCY with OVSYNCH + PRESYNCH?
OVSYNCH alone = 30% OVSYNCH + PRESYNCH = ~50%
52
what synchronization program should be used for HEIFERS? what are the 2 OPTIONS for this? how do they both work?
should use a PROGESTERONE synchronization program 2 options 1. MGA = FEED them progesterone 2. CIDR = INSERT device into VAGINA BOTH work by giving for 2 WEEKS and then REMOVING to cause a LUTEOLYTIC event --> FOLLICLES BUILT UP --> ESTRADIOL RELEASED
53
what is BioPRYN? what is the big drawback?
= an ELISA lab test that looks for Pregnancy Specific Protein B that is used for EARLY PREGNANCY DETECTION (as early as 3 weeks) DRAWBACK = PSPB can REMAIN IN COW EVEN IF SHE ABORTS and 3/100 cows called OPEN (not pregnant) INCORRECTLY

Y3 Didactics (11 decks)

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