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HSC BIOLOGY > SFBH S6 > Flashcards

SFBH S6 Flashcards

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1
Q

Whats epidemiology?

A
  • Study of disease
  • Science of prevention
  • Systematic and ongoing collection, collation, analysis and interpretation of data
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2
Q

What do Epidemiologists do?

A

study how often diseases occur in different groups of people and ask why
o Work supports vaccination programs for controlling infectious diseases
o Investigate risk factors for non-infectious diseases i.e. lung cancer

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3
Q

What are descriptive studies?

A

o Show patterns of distribution of disease in population

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4
Q

What are analytical studies?

A

o Planned investigations planned to test specific hypotheses

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5
Q

What are intervention studies?

A

o Measure effectiveness and safety of interventions i.e. clinical trials

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6
Q

Lung cancer is?

A

• Cause: abnormal growth of cells in lungs

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7
Q

Lung Cancer in relation to Epidemology studies?

A

• Collection and analysis of epidemiological data  increased knowledge of disease
• Australian Cancer Council & State Cancer Councils  collect and report on incidence, mortality, prevalence and survival
• 5th most common cancer in Australia
• 8000 Australians diagnosed each year
• 1 in 33 Australians will develop lung cancer by age of 75
• Studies  shown variation in disease for factors such as age, sex, regional area and occupation
o Long-term data collection  indicates trends or changes in factors over time
o Trends in incidence  reflect change in smoking habits
o Last 10 years: Incidence in males fallen BUT risen in females

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8
Q

What has the NSW cancer found about lung cancer in relation to smoking?

A

 Smoking major cause of lung cancer
 Workers exposed to industrial substances i.e. asbestos  significantly higher risk of developing lung cancer
 Link between passive smoking and lung cancer
 2003 – Lung cancer leading cause of cancer-related deaths in males

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9
Q

Name an inherited disease

A

Down’s syndrome

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10
Q

Give a description on Down Syndrome

A

• Caused by an additional chromosome 21
• Suffer mental retardation
• Poor muscle tone
• Appearance  almond shaped eyes, shorter limbs, protruding tongue
• Higher risk of congenital heart defects
Recurrent ear infections
• More common in babies born to older mothers
• Believed to be linked to mistakes in gamete production

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11
Q

What are some non-infectious diseases?

A

Down’s syndrome, Anorexia Nervosa and Mesothelioma

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12
Q

Whats an inherited disease?

A

Caused by genetic factors

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13
Q

Whats a nutritional disease?

A

When there is a lack of a vital component in diet

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14
Q

Whats an environmental disease?

A

Disease caused by environmental factors, such as high stress levels, noise, drugs and pollutants

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15
Q

Name a nutritional disease.

A

Anorexia Nervosa

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16
Q

Give a description of Anorexia Nervosa

A
  • Caused by deliberate under-eating
  • Psychiatric disease
  • Dangerous long-term effects on health
  • Can be fatal
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17
Q

Give an example of an environmental disease.

A

Mesothelioma

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18
Q

give a description of Mesothelioma

A
  • Lung cancer caused by exposure to asbestos
  • No symptoms until 20-30 years after exposure
  • No cure
  • Treatment can only slow down progression of disease
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19
Q

What is the occurrence of lung cancer?

A
  • 2011: most common cause of cancer death in Australia – 18.8% of all cancer deaths
  • 9200 (65% males 35% females) diagnosed every year
  • 2014: 11500 Australians predicted to be diagnosed
  • 2009: average age first diagnosis = 71 men 69.9 women
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20
Q

What are the symptoms of lung cancer?

A
  • New/persistent cough
  • Persistent chest infection
  • Breathlessness
  • Unexplained weight loss
  • Recurring pneumonia and bronchitis
  • Excessive fatigue
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21
Q

Whats the cause of Lung Cancer?

A
  • Growth of abnormal cells
  • Cause not completely understood, but multiple factors could lead to
  • Smoking: 87% of death via lung cancer
  • Exposure to passive smoking increase non-smoker’s risk by 30%
  • Exposure to asbestos seven times more likely to develop mesothelioma
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22
Q

What are the surgery options in relation to Lung cancer when in treatment?

A

Lobectomy, Pneumonectomy, Wedge resection

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23
Q

Whats a Lobectomy?

A

When a lobe of the lung is removed

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24
Q

Whats a Pneumonectomy?

A

One whole lung is removed

25
Q

Whats a wedge resection?

A

When only part of the lung, not lobe is removed.

26
Q

What are some treatments for Lung Cancer?

A
  • Radiotherapy: use of x-rays to kill cancer cells
  • Brachytherapy: small tube placed in trachea near tumours to suppress growth
  • Chemotherapy: use of aggressive cytotoxic drugs to prevent cells multiplying
  • Targeted therapy: use of specific drugs to ‘switch off’ mutations and restrict cancer growth
27
Q

What are some management techniques in Lung Cancer?

A
  • Pain relief medication: help clear phlegm in lungs
  • Exercise: help speed recovery
  • Pulmonary rehabilitation: improve breathing and confidence living with one lung
  • Regular chest x-rays: check sufficient function of lungs
  • Tablet chemotherapy: administered after chemotherapy
  • Palliative care: prevent, manage and relieve symptoms of treatment and disease
28
Q

When discussing quarantine in preventing the spread of disease and plants and animals, what factor does Australia’s isolation play?

A

• Australia’s isolation  helps prevent introduction of some plant and animal diseases
o Only effective with quarantine services at every entry point into the country

29
Q

Discuss the role of quarantine in preventing the spread of disease and plants and animals into Australia or across regions of Australia

A

• Quarantine regulations  prevented entry of foot and mouth disease  disease can devastate livestock industry
• Some areas in Australia free of certain viruses e.g. bunchy top virus in bananas
o Movement of fruit & plant material across Australian regions  restricted by quarantine laws to prevent the spread of disease
• Quarantine regulations  apply to importations, customs at airports and shipping terminals

30
Q

North Head Quarantine station in 1828-1984 did what?

A

o Helped prevent entry of plague, cholera, typhus fever, typhoid fever, yellow fever, small pox and leprosy
o During outbreaks of small pox  centre used to isolate victims  prevented the spread of disease

31
Q

Before quarantine what happened?

A

many plants and animal pests introduced into Australia without consideration of impact
o Result: problems with rabbits, foxes, feral pigs and camels

32
Q

Whats something problematic about Quarantine?

A

• Quarantine works well for diseases with short-incubations period, but not well for long-incubation period diseases

33
Q

“Process and analyse information from secondary sources to evaluate the effectiveness of quarantine in preventing the spread of plant and animal disease into Australia or across regions of Australia”

Give an example where quarantine was effective?

A

• Fire blight

34
Q

Whats the deal with Fire Blight and Quarantine?

A

 Bacterial disease  effects pears, apples and other ornamental plants
 Native for North America BUT has spread to Europe, Middle East, Central America and New Zealand
 Strict quarantine in Australia  controlling entry of any plant material that could be carrying disease  prevented spread of disease
o Effectiveness of program will show if disease enters with apples imported from New Zealand

35
Q

“Process and analyse information from secondary sources to evaluate the effectiveness of quarantine in preventing the spread of plant and animal disease into Australia or across regions of Australia”

Give an example where quarantine was ineffective?

A

Equine Influenza

36
Q

Whats the deal with Equine Influenza and Quarantine?

A

 Quarantine blamed for its rapid spread through horses in NSW and QLD in Aug 2007
 Originally detected at Eastern Creek
 Despite that all horses were detained and tested  disease rapidly spread
 Extremely contagious  could be spread on human clothes
 Quarantine originally detected virus and restricted horse movement BUT failed to prevent the spread of the disease

37
Q

Perform an investigation to examine plant shoots and leaves and gather first-hand information of evidence of pathogens and insect pests
Name and aim…

A

Aim: To observe plant shoots and leaves and detect evidence of pathogens and insect pests

38
Q

Create a method for this Aim… “To observe plant shoots and leaves and detect evidence of pathogens and insect pests”

A

Method: Collect a range of garden plants and observe using microscope

39
Q

What are some results to this method? “Collect a range of garden plants and observe using microscope”

A
  • Old Lilly-Pilly: lumps on leaves called pimple gall  deformed growth
  • Kangaroo Paw Plants: black inky marks on leaves  evidence of fungus that occurs in moist conditions
40
Q

Whats a conclusion to the investigation “Collect a range of garden plants and observe using microscope”

A

Conclusion: Discolouration of leaves, deformation of leaves, irregular shaped leaves, furry white growth on base of shoots  evidence of insects and pathogens

41
Q

Explain how public health programs have controlled and/or prevented disease

A

 Design to raise public awareness
 Influence people to make lifestyle changes that improve their health
 Assist in early detection of diseases
 Help control and prevent disease by strategies directed at the pathogen, the host and the environment
 Increasing emphasis on preventing disease rather than curing disease
 Laws requiring governments to keep track of occurrence of certain diseases e.g. AIDS have helped stop spread  need to be isolated or quarantined

42
Q

Name two campaigns that have helped control and/or prevented disease

A

“Slip Slop Slap” Campaign and “Grim Reaper Campaign”

43
Q

Quick facts about ‘slip, slop, slap’?

A

 Prevent skin cancer
 AUS & NZ  highest rates of skin cancer in the world
 >30 Aussies die each week from skin cancer
 Use song to raise awareness and achieve purpose

44
Q

Quick Facts about “Grim Reaper 1987”

A

 Campaign against AIDS
 Raised awareness of the dangers of contracting AIDS
 Promotion of contraception
 Use confronting images to raise awareness and achieve purpose

45
Q

Gather and process information and use available evidence to discuss the changing methods of dealing with plant and animal diseases, including the shift in emphasis from treatment and control to management or prevention of disease
Shift from TREATMENT & CONTROL  TO MANAGEMENT OR PREVENTION

A

• There has been a shift from waiting for a disease to occur  to preventing the occurrence of a disease before it infects
o Agriculture: genetically resistant crops are grown  don’t have to spray pesticides for diseases later in life
• Animal and plant diseases  managed by Australian quarantine restrictions
o Diseases e.g. foot and mouth, rabies – managed by not allowing infected organisms
• Worldwide immunisation against small pox  disease eradicated

46
Q

What are some measures that treat only?

A

Pesticides, Biological control and Medication (antibiotics)

47
Q

What are the advantages of pesticides?

A

Destroy organisms that damage crops or garden plants, or cause disease in animals

48
Q

What are the disadvantages of pesticides?

A

Organisms could form resistance to disease which would prove their eventual ineffectiveness

49
Q

What are the advantages of Biological Control?

A

Controls pests using other living organisms  doesn’t harm environment

50
Q

What are the disadvantages of Biological Control?

A

Pest may become resistant to the parasite or organism

51
Q

What are the advantages of Antibiotics and medication?

A

Eradicate diseases through topical or tablet form

52
Q

What are the disadvantages of Antibiotics and Medication?

A

With overuse people could form resistance to antibiotics, and therefore we may run out of antibiotics

53
Q

Name some measures of dealing with animal and plant diseases already focusing on management and prevention

A

Public Health Programs, Transgenic Species, Quarantine Restrictions

54
Q

What are the advantages of Public Health Programs?

A

Helps maintain disease free communities

55
Q

What are the advantages of Transgenic Plant Species?

A

Plants are automatically resistant to pests and disease

56
Q

What are the advantages of Quarantine Restrictions?

A

Prevent spread of disease by prevention of organisms infected with foot and mouth, or rabies, from entering the country

57
Q

What are the disadvantages of Quarantine Restrictions?

A

Annoying

Owners have to abandon their animals

58
Q

What are the disadvantages of Transgenic Plant Species?

A

No variation in the population

59
Q

What are the disadvantages of Public Health Programs?

A

Only promote

Not legally binding or compulsory

HSC BIOLOGY (21 decks)

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