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HSC BIOLOGY > SFBH S3 > Flashcards

SFBH S3 Flashcards

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1
Q

How did Pasteur help the understanding of infectious diseases?

A
  • Disproved spontaneous generation
  • Before microscopes  believed living matter could spontaneously form from non-living matter
  • Germ theory of disease: Discovered that micro-organisms cause disease
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2
Q

What did Pasteur’s swan neck experiment prove?

A

proved bacteria and mould cannot form spontaneously it prevented germs getting in but allowed oxygen to get in

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3
Q

What else did Pasteur do in aid to understand infectious disease?

A

o Examined samples of fermenting wine under microscope
o Identified micro-organisms that cause fermentation
o Proved living organisms present in the air therefore Destroying theory of spontaneous generation
o Have two flasks with broth that are not boiled = show that microorganisms form on broth, hence then boiling them and having one of the broths have direct contact to air, one didn’t. the one that didn’t remained clear and sterile the other became cloudy with microbe growth.

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4
Q

Who developed the idea of pasteurization?

A

Louis Pasteur

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5
Q

What does Pasteur’s idea of pasteurization suggest?

A

That microbes could be killed with heat.

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6
Q

Who created vaccines against anthrax, chicken cholera and swine erysipelas?

A

Louis Pasteur

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7
Q

What did Koch do?

A

• Bacteria = Cause of the disease anthrax

= Cause of tuberculosis

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8
Q

What are Koch’s rules of procedure and postulates which show that a particular micro-organism is the cause of a particular disease?

A
  1. Must be shown that micro-organism believed to be cause of disease, must be present in diseased organism
  2. Micro-organism must be isolated and grown in pure culture (containing only that micro-organism)
  3. Micro-organisms from the pure culture, when injected into healthy organism, must produce the disease
  4. Micro-organisms that are isolated from experimental organisms, grown in pure culture = identical to micro-organisms from original culture
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9
Q

What is the contribution of Pasteur and Koch?

A
  • Laid the foundation for the scientific study of microorganisms
  • Established culture techniques and rules & procedures now used in infection control e.g. sterilisation of instruments
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10
Q

Perform an investigation to model Pasteur’s experiment to identify the role of microbes in decay. name an aim…

A

Aim: To model Pasteur’s experiment in order to demonstrate that microbes cause decay

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11
Q

Name a method to the following aim “Aim: To model Pasteur’s experiment in order to demonstrate that microbes cause decay “

A
  1. Dissolve meat extract cube in hot water
  2. Set up equipment: a conical flask through which an S shape glass tube is passed to prevent the entry of air (microorganisms)
  3. Set up identical flask and stopper, but with straight glass tube
  4. Place equal amounts of broth in both flasks
  5. Boil for 15 min
  6. Observe for several weeks: look for changes to broth and odour
  7. Dispose of contaminated liquid by autoclaving
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12
Q

Name the results the experiment that models Pasteur’s experiment to identify the role of microbes in decay

A
  • Liquid exposed to open air = went cloudy, developed scum, bubbled and produced unpleasant odours
  • Liquid with S shaped tube = remained unchanged
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13
Q

Name a conclusion for the aim “To model Pasteur’s experiment in order to demonstrate that microbes cause decay”

A

Microbes could not grow spontaneously. Fermentation relies on entry of microbes by air

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14
Q

Name types of pathogens.

A 
–	Prions
–	Viruses
–	Bacteria
–	Protozoans
–	Fungi 
–	Macro-parasites
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15
Q

Give a description of Prions

A

• Protein that has been altered from it normal structure  can alter other proteins to develop more prions
= Chain reaction
• Does not contain DNA or RNA
• Attacks brain or nerve cells

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16
Q

Give a description of Viruses

A
  • Non-cellular
  • Contains DNA, RNA and protein coat
  • Enclosed in protein
  • Live inside living cells
  • Requires living host cell to replicate
  • Cannot be seen with light microscope
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17
Q

Give a description of Bacteria

A
  • Prokaryotic cells

* Divide quickly and/or produces toxins

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18
Q

Give a description of Protozoans

A
  • Eukaryotic cell – single-celled

* May have complex life cycle

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19
Q

Give a description of Fungi

A
  • Heterotrophic organisms
  • Some unicellular, others consist of long threads
  • Spread via spores or rapid division
  • Some infect external skin and nails, while others enter host’s body
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20
Q

Give a description of Macro-Parasites

A
  • Eukaryotic cells – multi-cellular
  • Visible to naked eye
  • AKA parasites
21
Q

What type of pathogen is a Flea?

A

Macro-Parasite.

22
Q

What type of Pathogen is Candidiasis?

A

Fungi

23
Q

What type of a pathogen is Malaria?

A

Protozoans

24
Q

What type of a pathogen is cholera?

A

Bacteria

25
Q

What type of a pathogen is influenza?

A

Virus

26
Q

What type of a pathogen is scarpies in sheep?

A

Prions

27
Q

In relation to historical development in cause and prevention of malaria what happened in 18BC?

A

Romans: thought malaria came from swamps – malaria means ‘bad air’

28
Q

In relation to historical development in cause and prevention of malaria what happened in 1820?

A

Quinine was used to prevent malaria

29
Q

In relation to historical development in cause and prevention of malaria what happened in 1880?

A

Laveran => discovered protozoan Plasmodium which caused the disease malaria (he didnt know this), he suggested that mosquitos are the vectors as he has found no evidence of human to human transmission

30
Q

In relation to historical development in cause and prevention of malaria what happened in 1886?

A

Golgi observed asexual reproduction in Plasmodium and Identified 2 species

31
Q

In relation to historical development in cause and prevention of malaria what happened in 1897?

A

Ross discovered cause of disease: protozoan Plasmodium

32
Q

In relation to historical development in cause and prevention of malaria what happened in 1898?

A

Grassi = Anopheles mosquito – carrier of malarial parasite

33
Q

In relation to historical development in cause and prevention of malaria what happened in 1940?

A

Chloroquinine used – first synthetic anti-malarial drug

34
Q

In relation to historical development in cause and prevention of malaria what happened in 1990?

A

Cowman  explained why parasite can hide from human defence system and why became resistant to anti-malarial drugs

35
Q

In relation to historical development in cause and prevention of malaria what happened in 2009?

A

USA - First clinical trial of anti-malarial vaccine on adult volunteers

36
Q

Control and Prevention of Malaria includes reducing the population of the vector… explain

A

spraying of pesticides, identifying and removing breeding sites (marshy areas) and introducing surface minnows, a fish that eats mosquito larvae and therefore reduces the mosquito population.

37
Q

Control and Prevention of Malaria includes reducing the contact between the vector and host… explain

A

Education programs inform people of the risk of contracting malaria and ways to prevent mosquito bites, such as insect repellent and mosquito netting.

38
Q

Control and Prevention of Malaria includes drugs… explain

A

Before entering a malaria infested area people are advised to take chloroquine one week before and six weeks after leaving the area. Chloroquien interferes with the development of the parasite, the most virulent protozoan Plasmodium Falciparum is resistant to chloroquine though….

39
Q

Name your infectious disease.

A

Malaria.

40
Q

What is the cause of Malaria?

A

• Protozoan parasite – Plasmodium

41
Q

How is Malaria transmitted?

A

• Bite of infected female Anopheles mosquito
 When mosquito bites person with malaria – becomes infected for life
 Vector injects sporozoites into human’s bloodstream
 Sporozoites travel to liver cells
 Spores form and burst after 2 weeks, releasing thousands of merozoites into blood
 Each merozoite attacks RBC
 Parasite forms tiny knobs on surface – stick to blood cells – hide from defence system
• Less common methods: blood transfusion, sharing needles and congenital infection

42
Q

Whats the hosts response to Malaria?

A
  • Parasite takes ½ hour to invade liver cells – not enough time for B cells to produce antibodies
  • Parasite leaves liver cell and attacks RBC’s – stimulates release of inflammatory cytokines to slow growth of blood infection
  • Hide in RBC’s – prevent immune response
  • Damage to organs  prevent circulation to brain, liver and kidneys
  • Physical examination – enlargement of liver and spleen
43
Q

What are the major symptoms of Malaria?

A
  • Fever
  • Headache
  • Shivering
  • Sweating
  • Vomiting
  • Joint pains
  • Diarrhoea
44
Q

Whats treatment for Malaria

A
  • Anti-malarial medications e.g. quinine

* Determined by infectious disease physician

45
Q

What is prevention for Malaria?

A
  • Anti-malarial medications – should be taken several weeks before, in and after leaving malaria-affected area
  • Wear light, long, loose clothing
  • Avoid use of perfumes
  • Avoid outdoors at dusk and dawn
  • Use insect repellants and vaporising devices
  • Sleep under insecticide-treated bed nets
46
Q

How do they control Malaria?

A
  • Queensland Public health units  monitor patients diagnosed with malaria to determine if control methods required
  • People recently travelled to affected area  deferred from donating blood
  • Killing adult mosquitos
  • Eliminate breeding sites
47
Q

Whats the role of antibiotics in the management of infectious disease?

A

• Compounds that kill or inhibit bacterial pathogens
• Management of infectious
e.g. Penicillin is made from fungus – Penicillium mould
• Some alter DNA, allow other substances to enter cell and destroy pathogen
• Role: treatment of infectious diseases or prevent infection (in extreme cases)
• Rarely used for infectious diseases caused by non-bacterial pathogens
• Report of antibiotics being abused in farms  increasing resistance
• When taking  important to take full course to avoid resistance

48
Q

What are problems relating to antibiotic resistance?

A

• Resistance = increasing concern
• Each time antibiotic used, may be some individual pathogens that have natural resistance = left to breed and pass on resistance to next generation = next time drug used = no effect
• Overuse has resulted in superbugs
o Antibiotic resistant strains e.g. golden staph
• Overuse reported in farms
o During production of meat, animals are given antibiotics to prevent infections
o We could be consuming antibiotics = lead to more resistance
• Many hospitals encountering Staphylococcus aureus (golden staph) infections = once easily treated using antibiotics (vancomycin) = now resistant to all treatments
o Life-threatening
• Since 1980’s = increase antibiotic resistance of Streptococcus pneumonia
o Cause of pneumonia, middle ear infections, sinus and meningitis
• New antibiotics need to be developed as more strains of bacteria become resistant
• Preventing infections can decrease the need for antibiotics
o Vaccination programs e.g. diphtheria – virtually eliminated the need for antibiotics because infections are very rare

HSC BIOLOGY (21 decks)

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