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HSC BIOLOGY > MB S3 > Flashcards

MB S3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Animals can only survive if the liquids in cells and in-between have an adequate supply of oxygen and water and if wastes such as carbon dioxide and nitrogenous wastes are removed, what is essential in doing this?

A

the excretory and the respiratory systems

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2
Q

In summary the respiratory system is for?

A

the respiratory system is the organ system concerned with the intake of oxygen when necessary for cellular respiration and the removal of carbon dioxide which is toxic in high concentrations.

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3
Q

Plants produce what in photosynthesis? and what in respiration?

A

produce oxygen in photo synthesis, and carbon dioxide in respiration

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4
Q

water is a ?

A

excellent solvent

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5
Q

water dissolves other substances so it can?

A

react chemically

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6
Q

what is the main function of water in the body?

A

to act as a medium for chemical reactions

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7
Q

The concentration of water in cells must be held constant, this is because water is a major solvent for chemical reactions and the amount of water will affect?

A

the concentration of materials in the cell

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8
Q

water also has a very high?

A

specific heat capacity

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9
Q

The very high specific heat of water means that?

A

it absorbs large amounts of heat for a relatively small change in temperature.

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10
Q

temperature tends to remain relatively constant in cells that contain?

A

adequate amounts of water.

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11
Q

Metabolic wastes must be removed because?

A

some are poisonous, some take up space, some would create problems with osmoregulation.

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12
Q

the excretory system is concerned with the removal of metabolic waste products from the body, in humans state the organ systems for excretion.

A

the kidneys, the lungs (CO2 removal) and the skin

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13
Q

what else is the excretory system responsible for?

A

for the maintenance of constant blood composition, therefore maintaining a constant internal environment in cells.

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14
Q

the kidney has a dual role of?

A

excreting nitrogenous wastes and maintaining the water balance in mammals and fish

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15
Q

the kidney is an organ of?

A

filtration, re absorption and secretion

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16
Q

when amino acids are broken down what is produced?

A

ammonia is produced

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17
Q

Ammonia is?

A

extremely toxic, very soluble and diffuses readily across cells.

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18
Q

In some fish ammonia?

A

may diffuse out the gills and be excreted through the kidneys in a dilute urine

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19
Q

in mammals, sharks and some bony fish ammonia is?

A

in the liver converted to a urea, which is less toxic. this is so that it can be stored briefly, though it is less soluble.

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20
Q

Blood carrying nitrogenous wastes is brought to the kidneys by the?

A

renal arteries

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21
Q

urine is formed?

A

in the kidneys outer cortex and the central medulla, the pelvis connects the medulla to the ureter which takes the urine to the bladder for short term storage.

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22
Q

depending on the environment of the fish or mammal, the kidneys excrete urine with?

A

a range in concentration

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23
Q

when forming a concentrated urine what can be told about the organism?

A

the kidneys are helping the fish/mammal live in a dehydrating environment. so as to reabsorb water into the blood and maintain water balance

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24
Q

when forming a dilute urine what can be told about the organism?

A

fresh water fish excrete a dilute urine to help over come a water balance problem resulting from an influx of water that diffuses in from their environment.

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25
Q

The dot point says to perform a first hand investigation on the dissection of a mammalian kidney. what is the aim?

A

“To investigate the structure of the mammalian kidney and identify the regions involved in the excretion of waste products.”

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26
Q

The aim is ““To investigate the structure of the mammalian kidney and identify the regions involved in the excretion of waste products.”
name the method.

A
  1. Obtain a sheep kidney (readily from a regular butcher)

2. use a scalpel to make a longitudinal incision through the soft circular surface of the cortex.

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27
Q

What is the result paired with the following aim?
“To investigate the structure of the mammalian kidney and identify the regions involved in the excretion of waste products.”

A

The cortex, medulla, pelvis and ureter can be readily identified by their different colours and textures

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28
Q

What is the conclusion paired with the following aim?
“To investigate the structure of the mammalian kidney and identify the regions involved in the excretion of waste products.”

A

The mammalian kidney has different structures associated with filtration to form urine, concentration of the urine and reabsorption of water, glucose and inorganic salts to help maintain homeostasis.

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29
Q

What is osmosis?

A

is a selective form of diffusion in which the cell membrane acts as a selectively permeable barrier that allows the passage of water but not larger molecules.

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30
Q

Osmosis results in?

A

the movement of water from a dilute solution to a stronger solution.

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31
Q

The processes of osmosis and diffusion are inadequate in removing nitrogenous wastes because:

A
  • diffusion is too slow and non selective of solutes.

- osmosis would mean that waste would stay in the body and water would leave it.

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32
Q

The inadequacies of diffusion and osmosis are problems by having a kidney, which…

A

dumps everything ‘outside’ the body and selectively re absorbs the still-useful materials.

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33
Q

Diffusion and osmosis are what type of transports, passive or active?

A

passive, since they include the movement of concentration gradient, eg from where there are many particles to where there are few particles.

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34
Q

In removing nitrogenous wastes, some substances must be absorbed against the concentration gradient, this requires energy and is called?

A

Active transport.

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35
Q

How do processes work in the mammalian kidney?

A

water re absorption is a passive process. re absorption of sodium salts is a active process. Glucose and amino acids are actively absorbed.

Many drugs are actively secreted by the kidney tubules

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36
Q

There are approximately how many nephrons in a kidney?

A

One million

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37
Q

The nephrons are organized where in the kidney?

A

The outer cortex and the central medulla.

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38
Q

Each nephron is made up of…

A

a glomerulus and tubules

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39
Q

When blood flows into the nephron under pressure, what is the result?

A

Plasma is forced through the glomerulus into the Bowmans capsule

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40
Q

When blood flows into the nephron under pressure, what is the result?

A

Plasma is forced through the glomerulus into the Bowman’s capsule.

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41
Q

The structure of the glomerulus means that it acts as a….

A

Ultra filter

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42
Q

What type of particles do not pass through the bowmans capsule?

A

particles in the blood, such as blood cells and proteins are too large and do not pass through

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43
Q

Fluid that passes into the bowman’s capsule moves into the tubules, what are the useful substances that are re absorbed in the loop of the capsule

A

useful substances such as water, glucose, and inorganic salts are reabsorbed in the loop and returned to the blood.

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44
Q

The amount of re absorption and therefore he composition and concentration of the urine depends and varies on….

A

diet, exercise and metabolism

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45
Q

In the tubules sodium is

A

actively absorbed into interstitial fluid.

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46
Q

Interstitial fluid r intercellular fluid is the fluid between?

A

Cells.

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47
Q

The wall of a collecting tubule may be…

A

permeable or impermeable

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48
Q

if the wall of the tubule is permeable then?

A

water is passively reabsorbed into the surrounding tissue. concentrated urine is then excreted and so therefore water is conserved.

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49
Q

if the wall of the tubule is impermeable then?

A

no water is reabsorbed and dilute urine is excreted.

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50
Q

The permeability of the wall of the collecting tubule to water is altered by?

A

vasopressin and antidiuretic hormone.

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51
Q

The artificial kidney does not match the…

A

complexity of a natural kidney

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52
Q

Renal dialysis has limits when…

A

a long term substitute for the kidney

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53
Q

Renal dialysis regulates the?

A

concentration of the patients blood by removing substances (such as urea and other toxins) and selectively adding substances. This basic process is called dialysis.

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54
Q

The fluid used in renal dialysis promotes…

A

diffusion of the appropriate substances into and out of the blood.

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55
Q

Dialysis can occur?

A

externally at a medical center or can be done internally at home, using the peritoneal membrane, but this must be done frequently.

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56
Q

Dialysis are now monitored and controlled by?

A

Computers

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57
Q

What is Aldosterone?

A

Aldosterone is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex of the kidney

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58
Q

What is Aldosterone?

A

Aldosterone is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex of the kidney.

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59
Q

What is the role of Aldosterone?

A

Its role is to maintain the balance of water and salts in the body.

60
Q

Aldosterone stimulates?

A

the nephrons to decrease re absorption of potassium and increase the re absorption of sodium into the blood.

this leads to an increased of chloride ions and water. The re absorption of these substances in turn causes a rise in blood volume and blood pressure.

61
Q

What’s ADH (Vasopressin)

A

It is the Antidiuretic hormone produced by the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary of the brain.

62
Q

What does ADH stimulate?

A

It stimulates the nephrons to reabsorb more water, it acts to decrease urine volume, increase urine concentration and increase blood volume.

63
Q

What is fludrocortisone?

A

it is the replacement hormone for aldosterone. it is used to treat people with Addison’s disease.

64
Q

What is Addison’s Disease?

A

Addison’s disease is mostly caused by the destruction or shrinking of the adrenal cortex. If the adrenal cortex is destroyed or shrinking it does not produce its two hormones “cortisol and aldosterone” if the body cannot secrete aldosterone it cannot water and salt balance within the body.

65
Q

When the adrenal cortex is under shrinking or destruction and cannot secrete cortisone or aldosterone, and the water salt balance cannot be maintained what happens?

A

The balance is upset, the volume of blood falls dangerously low, there is a drop in blood pressure and severe dehydration. When levels of both cortisone and aldosterone drop.. many functions throughout the body are disrupt.

66
Q

What is enantiostasis?

A

e

67
Q

What is enantiostasis?

A

enantiostasis is the maintenance of metabolic and physiological functions in response to variation in the environment.

68
Q

why is enantiostasis important?

A

it is primarily important for organisms living in an estuarine environment very salinity varies greatly

69
Q

In many marine invertebrates homeostasis is not maintained but the osmotic pressure within organisms varies along with the external environment. These organisms are called?

A

Osmoconformers.

70
Q

Enantiostasis is a set of processes that allows metabolic processes to continue despite?

A

fluctuations in the internal environment

71
Q

Whats an example of Enantiostasis?

A

this example occurs in blue crabs, when in brackish water they change the pH of their blood to increase the ability to bind with oxygen.

72
Q

In estuarine environments what varies a lot?

A

Salinity varies considerably, depending on factors such as tides and rainfall. Hence then estuarine organisms must be able to respond to daily changes in salinity

73
Q

Name an organism that maintains enantiostasis.

A

Eels maintain enantiostasis with the special cells in their gills that can act as salt absorbers and salt excretors.

74
Q

Marine mammals and most fish maintain homeostasis in estuarine environments with a process called…

A

Osmoregulation

75
Q

What does and organism with osmoregulation carry out?

A

they carry out a range of activities that maintain a constant body fluid composition despite the changing environment.

76
Q

what activities do organisms that use osmoregulation carry out?

A

excreting salt or concentrating urine is essential for their survival.

77
Q

Many plants and marine invertebrates are….

A

Osmoconformers.

78
Q

osmoconformers depend on what to survive?

A

enantiostasis, this means that the composition of their body fluids varies along with the environment, with adjustments being made to their physiology. Their enzymes keep on functioning despite changes to the conditions or to the metabolic pathways that are met.

79
Q

both enantiostasis and homeostasis are essential to maintain the diversity of?

A

Estuarine ecosytems.

80
Q

Describe the urine concentration of a terrestrial animal.

A

Concentration and volume varies; in mammals that live in the desert the urine is highly concentrated (urine has little water relative to solutes)

81
Q

Why are terrestrial organisms different to marine and fresh water fish when it comes to urine concentrations?

A

Terrestrial organisms face the issue of conserving water and at he same time removing nitrogenous wates

82
Q

Why are terrestrial organisms different to marine and fresh water fish when it comes to urine concentrations?

A

Terrestrial organisms face the issue of conserving water and at the same time removing nitrogenous wastes

83
Q

What’s the urine concentration of marine fish like?

A

Highly concentrated

84
Q

What’s the urine concentration of a fresh water fish?

A

Dilute urine, urine has a lot of water relative to the solutes.

85
Q

Why are Marine Fish different to terrestrial and fresh water fish when it comes to urine concentrations?

A

These aquatic organisms face the problem of osmosis.

86
Q

Why are Marine Fish different to terrestrial and fresh water fish when it comes to urine concentrations?

What problem do they face?

A

These aquatic organisms face the problem of osmosis.

87
Q

Why are Marine Fish different to terrestrial and fresh water fish when it comes to urine concentrations?

Explain how the problem they face is resolved

A

In sea water the concentrations of dissolved substances are usually lower in the body than in the surrounding environment.

Water then tends to move out of the body a lot more and salts will diffuse in.

They excrete excess salt through the gills ad very little urine is excreted.

Marine fish drink large amounts of sea water to replace water loss.

88
Q

Why are Marine Fish different to terrestrial and fresh water fish when it comes to urine concentrations?

Explain how the problem they face is resolved

A

In sea water the concentrations of dissolved substances are usually lower in the body than in the surrounding environment.

Water then tends to move out of the body a lot more and salts will diffuse in.

They excrete excess salt through the gills and very little urine is excreted.

Marine fish drink large amounts of sea water to replace water loss.

89
Q

Marine fish have a concentrated urine, what is the reason for this?

A

In sea water the concentrations of dissolved substances are usually lower in the body than in the surrounding environment.

Water then tends to move out of the body a lot more and salts will diffuse in.

They excrete excess salt through the gills and very little urine is excreted.

Marine fish drink large amounts of sea water to replace water loss.

90
Q

Why are fresh water fish different to terrestrial and marine fish when it comes to urine concentrations?

What problem do they face?

A

Fresh water fish face the issue of having to rid themselves of excess water. The waste product ends up making the large waste of dilute urine.

91
Q

Fresh water fish have a dilute urine what is a reason for this?

A

In fresh water the concentrations of dissolved substances are usually higher in the body of the organism than they are in the environment.

Water therefore will tend to move into the organism by osmosis.

92
Q

Marine fish have a concentrated urine, what is the reason for this?

A

In sea water the concentrations of dissolved substances are usually lower in the body than in the surrounding environment.

Water then tends to move out of the body a lot more and salts will diffuse in.

They excrete excess salt through the gills and very little urine is excreted.
.

93
Q

Marine fish have a highly concentrated urine, with slight volume, how do they cope with all the water loss?

A

Marine fish drink large amounts of sea water to replace water loss

94
Q

Name some processes used by different plants for salt regulation in saline environments.

A

salt barriers, secretion, salt deposits.

95
Q

Describe Salt Barriers as a process of salt regulation used by plants in a saline environment.

A

Salt barriers, have special tissues in the roots and lower stems to stop salt from entering the plant, though allowing water uptake.

96
Q

Describe Secretion as a process of salt regulation used by plants in a saline environment.

A

Some plants are able to concentrate salt and get rid of it through special glands on the leaves, e.g grey mangrove, the salt is washed off by the rain.

97
Q

Describe Salt Deposits as a process of salt regulation used by plants in a saline environment.

A

Some plants deposit salt in older tissues which are then discarded, e.g the mangrove “rhizophora” concentrates salt in its old leaves which it then sheds.

98
Q

Terrestrial organisms face the problems of…

A

conserving water and at the same time removing nitrogenous wastes in a form that is concentrated but not toxic

99
Q

Desert mammals provide good examples for how terrestrial mammals overcome the problem of conserving water and excreting nitrogenous wastes.

Name some Australian examples.

A

The red kangaroo, The Mulgara (mouse like marsupial), The Murid (hopping mouse)

100
Q

How does the red kangaroo overcome the problem of conserving water and excreting nitrogenous wastes?

A

The Kidneys produce highly concentrated urine.

101
Q

How does the Mulgara (carnivorous mouse like marsupial) overcome the problem of conserving water and excreting nitrogenous wastes?

A

Does not drink water, moisture is provided in its food, and large amounts of urea are produced by the carnivorous diet, which is then excreted in a highly concentrated urine.

102
Q

How does the Murid hopping mouse overcome the problem of conserving water and excreting nitrogenous wastes?

A

lives on dry seeds and has no drinking water, greatest ability = the ability to create really concentrated urine.

103
Q

How do insects overcome the problem of conserving water and excreting nitrogenous wastes?

A

This is simply done by the conversion of nitrogenous products into the insoluble substance called uric acid which is excreted with almost no water lost.

104
Q

How is uric acid secreted in insects?

A

Uric acid is excreted through special tubules or uric acid crystals which are deposited in different parts of the body.

An example of excretion is on some butterfly’s wings that are white.

105
Q

Hot, dry habitats are most extensive in?

A

Australia

106
Q

Name some adaptions of Australian plants to minimize water loss along with examples.

A 
Sclerophyll plants (eucalypts)
- have narrow leave with a waxy cuticle,sunken stomates, and hung leaves.

Salt Bush
- Salt crystals on the leaves reflect heat so less transpiration occurs

107
Q

The first hand investigation is that of investigating the conservation of water in plants.
The aim is “To gather information about structures in plants that assist in the conservation of water”
name the method?

A

Method: Use a hand lens or binocular microscope to observe a range of plants such as acacia, casuarina, banksia, eucalyptus and hakea.

108
Q

Name the results of something that follows the following method. “Use a hand lens or binocular microscope to observe a range of plants such as acacia, casuarina, banksia, eucalyptus and hakea.”

A

The investigation observed structures of water conservation. such as waxy leaf cuticle, hairy leaves, sunken stomata, few stomates on leaves, leaves rolled inwards, leaves reduced to spikes.

109
Q

“To gather information about structures in plants that assist in the conservation of water” This is the aim, note the conclusion.

A

There is a wide variety of structural adaptions such as phyllodes, cladodes, waxy cuticles and hairy leaves that reduce transpiration and so conserve water in plants.

110
Q

In the investigation of water conservation they observed certain structures, identify that of the acacia (wattle)

A

The acacia and other wattles have flattened leaves and green leaf stalks called phyllodes. These carry out photosynthesis but contain very few stomata so water loss is minimized.

111
Q

In the investigation of water conservation they observed certain structures, identify that of the Casuarinas (she oaks)

A

They have jointed needle like growths which are actually green stems. The leaves are tiny, teeth like structures along the joints of the needs. these tiny growths are called cladodes. they also carry out photosynthesis with minimal water loss.

112
Q

All chemical reaction of metabolism take place in what?

A

A water solution.

113
Q

transport of materials in cytoplasm, blood, or phloem also take place in?

A

A water solution.

114
Q

Water has a high specific heat capacity? how does this help?

A

it can absorb large amounts of energy with minimal temperature change, this helps stabilize living things.

115
Q

Water also has a very high heat of vaporization this means?

A

that when it evaporates it absorbs huge amounts of heat. and that is why evaporation of perspiration has such a major cooling effect on the body.

116
Q

Many plants and animals depend on water for?

A

body support

117
Q

Animals such as worms depend on water why?

A

the hydraulic pressure of water in their tissues helps support their body and maintain their shape.

118
Q

In vertebrate animals how does water solutions help?

A

water solutions in the tissues helps cushion organs against bumps and impacts for example. cerebrospinal fluid around the brain.

119
Q

Why are water concentrations important within the body?

A

if the concentrations are not kept at the correct levels the osmosis may cause problems. cells could lose water and dehydrate or gain to much water and be damaged.

120
Q

Nitrogenous wastesare produced mainly from?

A

the metabolism of proteins

121
Q

name three main compounds of nitrogenous wastes.

A

ammonia, uric acid, and urea.

122
Q

name which animal group the nitrogenous waste compounds are from.

A

ammonia - mostly aquatic animals
Uric acid - birds, reptiles and insects
Urea - in mammals and amphibians.

123
Q

Describe the process of filtration

A

is the process in which some water and any many dissolved substances (including sugars, salts and urea, but not any cells or blood proteins) leave the blood and flow into the renal tubes

124
Q

Describe the process of re absorption

A

is the process in which any usefull substances (such as sugars and amino acids) are absorbed back into the blood. Water and salts are also reabsorbed but in varying quantities… the body is adjusting water balance for homeostasis.

125
Q

Urea is not absorbed back into the blood detail the movement of the urea.

A

Urea and sme water continue along the tubule, this liquid is called URINE. the urine flows into the Ureter and is carried to the Bladder for storage. When the bladder becomes full, the urine is excreted via the Urethra.

126
Q

Kidneys are not just for excretion, what else are they for?

A

water balance of the body.

127
Q

kidneys are a vital part of?

A

homeostasis.

128
Q

Pituitary gland releases?

A

ADH antidiuretic hormone

129
Q

ADH causes more….

A

re absorption of water from the kidney tubules

130
Q

If the body retains more water there is ess urine though it is more…

A

concentrated.

131
Q

water and salt balance is measure when it travels through the?

A

Hypothalamus and pituitary gland in the brain

132
Q

Whats the renal cortex?

A

Dark red in colour, due to the many capillaries in the nephrons.

133
Q

Whats the medulla?

A

Lighter in colour then the renal cortex because there are less blood vessels, here there are many collecting ducts that carry urine to the ureter.

134
Q

whats the ureter?

A

carries urine to the bladder for storage

135
Q

the hypothalamus monitors the blood flowing through it for the “osmotic balance” of…..

A

water an dissolved salt.

136
Q

Addison’s disease can be treated with HRT what is that?

A

Hormone Replacement Therapy

137
Q

If a persons kidneys are no longer functioning properly they can no longer?

A

remove toxic wastes such as urea from the blood. nor maintain homeostasis and the water balance

138
Q

in a case of complete kidney failure how many days before this condition is fatal?

A

three days.

139
Q

The renal dialysis machine is known as the?

A

Artificial Kidney/

140
Q

What are similarities of renal dialysis and natural kidney functioning?

A
  • both processes remove urea and other wastes from the blood

- both rely on movement of dissolved substances through semi permeable membranes.

141
Q

What are the differences of renal dialysis and natural kidney functioning?

A
  • kidney function involves the two steps of filtration and reabsorption: dialysis involves only one step of diffusion of wastes from blood.
  • In a kidney movement across membrane is achieved by both active transport and by passive osmosis: dialysis involves only passive diffusion.
142
Q

What are the malpighian tubes in an insect?

A

these extend through the insects body collecting and concentrating urine. urine is then emptied into the gut for excretion.

143
Q

Insects lose only minimum water. what is their urine chemically processed into?

A

Uric acid, which then precipitates as a solid. an insects urine is a semi solid paste.

144
Q

The red kangaroo on conserving water?

A
  • ability to produce really high concentrated urine
  • has longer tubules in their kidney nephrons which allows for more reabsorption of water back into the blood so less urine is produced.
  • the cells lining the tubules are able to actively transport urea from blood into the urine so, not only is it re absorbed from the filtrate liquid but it is also actively pumped from the blood.

the result of this is less water and more urea in the urine

145
Q

Water is needed for?

A
  • blood
  • solvent or medium to dissolve chemicals
  • moistening of membranes to allow chemicals to diffuse through them
  • evaporative cooling
  • use in chemical reaction eg photosynthesis
146
Q

Kidneys are mainly involved in?

A

Osmoregulation

147
Q

Whats a xerophyte?

A

plants with adaptions which allow them to survive where water is often short in supply

HSC BIOLOGY (21 decks)

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