COM S7 Flashcards
gather information about the structure of neurones and nerves
• Nerve = bundle of axons (neuronal fibres) bound together like wires in a cable
• Neurone = nerve cell
• Axons and dendrites bundled together = nerves
• Three types of neurones include:
– Sensory neurones receive and carry messages to brain and spinal cord (CNS)
– Motor neurones carry messages from CNS to effectors (muscles and glands)
– Connector neurones carry messages between sensory neurones and motor neurones, usually in CNS
Dendrites, function?
Receives signal from previous neuron and conducts impulse to cell body
Cell body, function?
Largest part contains nucleus, cytoplasm, Golgi body, endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria
Axon, Function?
Extension that conducts impulses away from the cell body to another neurone or tissue
Myelin sheath, function?
Insulates axon electrical signal transported quicker along neuron
Schwann cell, function?
Make up myelin sheath
Node of Ranvier, function?
Gaps between Schwann cells affects rate of impulse
Axon terminal, function?
Line up next to dendrites of next neuron, or target cells signal leaves neuron
Synapse, function?
Gap between axon terminals of one cell and dendrites of next
Identify neurones as nerve cells that are the transmitters of signals by electro-chemical changes in their membranes
- Neurone = nerve cell transmits impulse from one part of neuron to another
- Nerve impulse = change in voltage
- Impulse transmitted as wave of electrical charges that travel along cell membrane of neurone
- Electrical changes caused as sodium ions move into neurons called electrochemical impulse
- After signal transmitted potassium ions move outside cell restore original charge of neurone
- Electrical change: moving from dendrite to axon terminal
- Chemical change: moving from axon terminal to dendrite
Membrane resting potential = ?
Membrane resting potential = -70mV • Without electrical impulse going through = normal • Difference in charge (voltage) between intracellular and extracellular parts of cell • Potassium can pass in and out freely • Sodium gate closed at -70mW sodium particles cannot get in from extracellular • Intracellular = more negative charge Negative protein Negative phosphate Positive potassium • Extracellular = less negative charge Negative chlorine Positive sodium
Action potential = ?
Action Potential = -55mV
• Membrane resting potential changes to -55mV
• Allows sodium gate to open sodium particles enter intracellular
• Positive particles repel each other new positive sodium ions start being pushed along axon
Action potential and propagation?
- Propagation: as positive charge moves through neurone Chain reaction throughout axon from sodium ion gate to sodium ion gate
- Myelin sheath makes sure positive particles cant leave transmission efficiency
- As sodium enters cell, eventually reaches +50mV sodium gates close and potassium gates open VOLTAGE FALLS
Action potential and hyperpolarisation and the refractory period?
- Hyperpolarisation: potassium channels close
* Refractory period: charges return to normal position (-70mV) by sodium/potassium pump action potential not possible
Define the term ‘threshold’
• Threshold = level of stimulation required to change a resting potential into an action potential
correlated with ‘threshold’ explain why not all stimuli generate an action potential
- When neurone fires = ‘all or nothing’ response level of stimulation either reaches the threshold and action potential is generated OR it is below threshold and nothing happens
- Action potential occurs at dendrites triggers many potentials along axon as ion channels open
- Stimulus moves in one direction
- If stimulus very strong rate of propagation increases
- When action potential reaches axon terminals neurotransmitter released into dendrites of next neurone, binds with receptor molecules stimulates a new action potential
Identify those areas of the cerebrum involved in the perception and interpretation of light and sound
• Left hemisphere: controls right side of body (and vise versa)
• Two halves communicate through bundles of nerve fibres that make up the corpus callosum
Frontal lobe, Temporal lobe, Parietal lobe, occipital lobe.
Identify those areas of the cerebrum involved in the perception and interpretation of light and sound (Frontal Lobe)
contains the Broca’s area - SOUND
Controls muscles of speech and articulation of sound
In left side of brain
Identify those areas of the cerebrum involved in the perception and interpretation of light and sound (Temporal Lobe)
SOUND
Hearing, memory processing & integration of sensory information (hearing & vision)
Includes Wernicke’s area – controls interpretation of language
Identify those areas of the cerebrum involved in the perception and interpretation of light and sound (Parietal Lobe)
LIGHT
Interpreting writing & used when reading
Identify those areas of the cerebrum involved in the perception and interpretation of light and sound (Occipital Lobe)
LIGHT
Receives and interprets visual information from retinas
Give an aim.
examine an appropriate mammalian brain or model of a human brain to gather information to distinguish the cerebrum, cerebellum and medulla oblongata and locate the regions involved in speech, sight and sound perception
To distinguish the cerebrum, cerebellum and medulla oblongata and locate the regions involved in speech, sight and sound perception
Give a method.
examine an appropriate mammalian brain or model of a human brain to gather information to distinguish the cerebrum, cerebellum and medulla oblongata and locate the regions involved in speech, sight and sound perception
- Cut sheep brain in half to reveal two hemispheres
- Locate the:
Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Medulla Oblongata,
Cerebrum? when found in the practical?
Highly folded
White matter inner layer – grey matter outer layer
Controls conscious thinking, including messages from sensory receptors
Sending messages to receptor organs
Cerebellum? when found in the practical?
Small folds on surface
Behind brain stem
Coordinates posture, movement & balance
Medulla Oblongata? when found in the practical?
Grey matter inner layer – white matter outer layer
Upper extension of spinal cord
Hindbrain
Controls basic functioning e.g. breathing
Give a risk assessment for the brain practical.
• Take special care when using scalpels very sharp
Don’t leave close to edge of bench
Dispose carefully in sharps container
• Wear gloves
• Clean dissecting equipment with warm soapy water
• Dispose of animal material carefully
• Wash hands thoroughly
Quick summary on Speech, Sight and Sound in the brain.
Speech: Broca’s area (Frontal lobe)
Sight: Occipital lobe
[Light eye optic nerve occipital lobe]
Sound: Wernicke’s area (Temporal lobe)
[Sound wave auditory canal cochlea auditory nerve temporal lobe]
Explain using specific examples, the importance of correct interpretation of sensory signals by the brain for the coordination of animal behaviour
Behaviour: animals are active in response to signals from their surroundings
• Requires:
Detection of stimuli by sensory receptors
Transmission of information through nervous system
Correct interpretation of signals by brain to coordinate behaviour
• Depends on complexity of nervous system & genetic inheritance
Explain using specific examples, the importance of correct interpretation of sensory signals by the brain for the coordination of animal behaviour (innate aspects)
Inherited genetically through organisation of nervous system
Occurs automatically in response to stimulus
Explain using specific examples, the importance of correct interpretation of sensory signals by the brain for the coordination of animal behaviour (learnt aspects)
Result of experience
Requires nervous system where info can be stored and retrieved
Response specific to circumstances
• Environmental conditions will always influence behaviour
Stable: behaviours are inherited and predictable
Unstable: behaviours based on learning and unpredictable
Explain using specific examples, the importance of correct interpretation of sensory signals by the brain for the coordination of animal behaviour (insight learning)
problem solved as a result of thinking about it
o Requires complex brain, ability to process a lot of information and coordinate a response
o Only humans and some birds can do this
Explain using specific examples, the importance of correct interpretation of sensory signals by the brain for the coordination of animal behaviour (humans)
Complex nervous system we can learn and communicate effectively
Importance of correct brain interpretation coordinate behaviour basis of our everyday lives
Eyes, ears, muscles, feet – all have sensory receptors to determine position of body
Normal day functions such as walking – we need coordination between receptors and brain
When things go wrong with correct interpretation of sensory signals by the brain for the coordination of animal behaviour?
• The importance of correct interpretation of sensory signals by the brain for the coordination of animal behaviour is highlighted when something goes wrong.
conditions such as multiple sclerosis, cerebral palsy and neurofinromatosis arise.
Multiple Sclerosis and the effect on interpretation of signals?
Autoimmune attack on myelin sheath of nerve cells
Myelin sheaths in CNS destroyed become hard substances called scleroses
Impulses not functional and don’t work no insulation = no conduction of impulse through axon
Cerebral Palsy and the effect on interpretation of signals?
Neuromuscular damage muscles lack coordination due to brain cell damage
Brain cells unable to transmit messages to muscles
Muscles cannot be controlled
Neurofibromatosis and the effect on interpretation of signals?
Genetic disorder causes tumours to grow along nerves
NF1: learning difficulties – CNS – not being able to walk
NF2: hearing loss – CNS
