COM S7 Flashcards by Roksy Boglari-Davykoza

gather information about the structure of neurones and nerves

• Nerve = bundle of axons (neuronal fibres) bound together like wires in a cable
• Neurone = nerve cell
• Axons and dendrites  bundled together = nerves
• Three types of neurones include:
– Sensory neurones  receive and carry messages to brain and spinal cord (CNS)
– Motor neurones  carry messages from CNS to effectors (muscles and glands)
– Connector neurones  carry messages between sensory neurones and motor neurones, usually in CNS

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Dendrites, function?

Receives signal from previous neuron and conducts impulse to cell body

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Cell body, function?

Largest part  contains nucleus, cytoplasm, Golgi body, endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria

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Axon, Function?

Extension that conducts impulses away from the cell body to another neurone or tissue

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Myelin sheath, function?

Insulates axon  electrical signal transported quicker along neuron

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Schwann cell, function?

Make up myelin sheath

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Node of Ranvier, function?

Gaps between Schwann cells  affects rate of impulse

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Axon terminal, function?

Line up next to dendrites of next neuron, or target cells  signal leaves neuron

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Synapse, function?

Gap between axon terminals of one cell and dendrites of next

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Identify neurones as nerve cells that are the transmitters of signals by electro-chemical changes in their membranes

Neurone = nerve cell  transmits impulse from one part of neuron to another
Nerve impulse = change in voltage
Impulse transmitted as wave of electrical charges that travel along cell membrane of neurone
Electrical changes caused as sodium ions move into neurons  called electrochemical impulse
After signal transmitted  potassium ions move outside cell  restore original charge of neurone
Electrical change: moving from dendrite to axon terminal
Chemical change: moving from axon terminal to dendrite

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Membrane resting potential = ?

Membrane resting potential = -70mV
•	Without electrical impulse going through = normal 
•	Difference in charge (voltage) between intracellular and extracellular parts of cell
•	Potassium can pass in and out freely 
•	Sodium gate closed at -70mW  sodium particles cannot get in from extracellular
•	Intracellular = more negative charge 
 Negative protein 
 Negative phosphate 
 Positive potassium 
•	Extracellular = less negative charge 
 Negative chlorine 
 Positive sodium

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Action potential = ?

Action Potential = -55mV
• Membrane resting potential changes to -55mV
• Allows sodium gate to open  sodium particles enter intracellular
• Positive particles repel each other  new positive sodium ions start being pushed along axon

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Action potential and propagation?

Propagation: as positive charge moves through neurone  Chain reaction throughout axon from sodium ion gate to sodium ion gate
Myelin sheath  makes sure positive particles cant leave  transmission efficiency
As sodium enters cell, eventually reaches +50mV  sodium gates close and potassium gates open  VOLTAGE FALLS

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Action potential and hyperpolarisation and the refractory period?

Hyperpolarisation: potassium channels close

* Refractory period: charges return to normal position (-70mV) by sodium/potassium pump  action potential not possible

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Define the term ‘threshold’

• Threshold = level of stimulation required to change a resting potential into an action potential

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correlated with ‘threshold’ explain why not all stimuli generate an action potential

When neurone fires = ‘all or nothing’ response  level of stimulation either reaches the threshold and action potential is generated OR it is below threshold and nothing happens
Action potential occurs at dendrites  triggers many potentials along axon as ion channels open
Stimulus moves in one direction 
If stimulus very strong  rate of propagation increases
When action potential reaches axon terminals  neurotransmitter released into dendrites of next neurone, binds with receptor molecules  stimulates a new action potential

Identify those areas of the cerebrum involved in the perception and interpretation of light and sound

• Left hemisphere: controls right side of body (and vise versa)
• Two halves communicate through bundles of nerve fibres that make up the corpus callosum
Frontal lobe, Temporal lobe, Parietal lobe, occipital lobe.

Identify those areas of the cerebrum involved in the perception and interpretation of light and sound (Frontal Lobe)

contains the Broca’s area - SOUND
 Controls muscles of speech and articulation of sound
 In left side of brain

Identify those areas of the cerebrum involved in the perception and interpretation of light and sound (Temporal Lobe)

SOUND
 Hearing, memory processing & integration of sensory information (hearing & vision)
 Includes Wernicke’s area – controls interpretation of language

Identify those areas of the cerebrum involved in the perception and interpretation of light and sound (Parietal Lobe)

LIGHT

 Interpreting writing & used when reading

Identify those areas of the cerebrum involved in the perception and interpretation of light and sound (Occipital Lobe)

LIGHT

 Receives and interprets visual information from retinas

Give an aim.
examine an appropriate mammalian brain or model of a human brain to gather information to distinguish the cerebrum, cerebellum and medulla oblongata and locate the regions involved in speech, sight and sound perception

To distinguish the cerebrum, cerebellum and medulla oblongata and locate the regions involved in speech, sight and sound perception

Give a method.
examine an appropriate mammalian brain or model of a human brain to gather information to distinguish the cerebrum, cerebellum and medulla oblongata and locate the regions involved in speech, sight and sound perception

Cut sheep brain in half to reveal two hemispheres
Locate the:
Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Medulla Oblongata,

Cerebrum? when found in the practical?

 Highly folded
 White matter inner layer – grey matter outer layer
 Controls conscious thinking, including messages from sensory receptors
 Sending messages to receptor organs

Cerebellum? when found in the practical?

 Small folds on surface  Behind brain stem  Coordinates posture, movement & balance

Medulla Oblongata? when found in the practical?

Grey matter inner layer – white matter outer layer  Upper extension of spinal cord  Hindbrain  Controls basic functioning e.g. breathing

Give a risk assessment for the brain practical.

• Take special care when using scalpels  very sharp  Don’t leave close to edge of bench  Dispose carefully in sharps container • Wear gloves • Clean dissecting equipment with warm soapy water • Dispose of animal material carefully • Wash hands thoroughly

Quick summary on Speech, Sight and Sound in the brain.

Speech: Broca’s area (Frontal lobe) Sight: Occipital lobe [Light  eye  optic nerve  occipital lobe] Sound: Wernicke’s area (Temporal lobe) [Sound wave  auditory canal  cochlea  auditory nerve  temporal lobe]

Explain using specific examples, the importance of correct interpretation of sensory signals by the brain for the coordination of animal behaviour

Behaviour: animals are active in response to signals from their surroundings • Requires:  Detection of stimuli by sensory receptors  Transmission of information through nervous system  Correct interpretation of signals by brain to coordinate behaviour • Depends on complexity of nervous system & genetic inheritance

Explain using specific examples, the importance of correct interpretation of sensory signals by the brain for the coordination of animal behaviour (innate aspects)

Inherited genetically through organisation of nervous system |  Occurs automatically in response to stimulus

Explain using specific examples, the importance of correct interpretation of sensory signals by the brain for the coordination of animal behaviour (learnt aspects)

 Result of experience  Requires nervous system where info can be stored and retrieved  Response specific to circumstances • Environmental conditions will always influence behaviour  Stable: behaviours are inherited and predictable  Unstable: behaviours based on learning and unpredictable

Explain using specific examples, the importance of correct interpretation of sensory signals by the brain for the coordination of animal behaviour (insight learning)

problem solved as a result of thinking about it o Requires complex brain, ability to process a lot of information and coordinate a response o Only humans and some birds can do this

Explain using specific examples, the importance of correct interpretation of sensory signals by the brain for the coordination of animal behaviour (humans)

 Complex nervous system  we can learn and communicate effectively  Importance of correct brain interpretation  coordinate behaviour basis of our everyday lives  Eyes, ears, muscles, feet – all have sensory receptors to determine position of body  Normal day functions such as walking – we need coordination between receptors and brain

When things go wrong with correct interpretation of sensory signals by the brain for the coordination of animal behaviour?

• The importance of correct interpretation of sensory signals by the brain for the coordination of animal behaviour is highlighted when something goes wrong. conditions such as multiple sclerosis, cerebral palsy and neurofinromatosis arise.

Multiple Sclerosis and the effect on interpretation of signals?

 Autoimmune attack on myelin sheath of nerve cells  Myelin sheaths in CNS destroyed  become hard substances called scleroses  Impulses not functional and don’t work  no insulation = no conduction of impulse through axon

Cerebral Palsy and the effect on interpretation of signals?

 Neuromuscular damage  muscles lack coordination due to brain cell damage  Brain cells  unable to transmit messages to muscles  Muscles cannot be controlled

Neurofibromatosis and the effect on interpretation of signals?

 Genetic disorder  causes tumours to grow along nerves  NF1: learning difficulties – CNS – not being able to walk  NF2: hearing loss – CNS