MB S2 Flashcards
What are some of the elements of mammalian blood?
Carbon Dioxide, Oxygen, Water, Salts, Lipids, Nitrogenous Wastes, Other products of digestion
How is Carbon Dioxide carried in blood?
CO2 is mostly carried in solution in plasma as a bicarbonate.
How is Oxygen carried in blood?
Oxygen is carried as oxyhaemoglobin in red blood cells.
How is water carried in blood?
Water is carried as blood plasma, which is 90% water.
How are salts carried in blood?
Sodium, Potassium, Mg, Cl ions, sulfate ions and phosphate ions are transported in solution of plasma.
How are lipids carried in blood?
Lipids are absorbed from the digestive system into the lymph as glycerol and fatty acids suspended in plasma. they are mostly transported in the blood as glycerides, phospholipids and cholesterol that are associated with plasma proteins.
How is nitrogenous waste carried in blood?
Wastes are mostly carried as urea, with a small amount of ammonia and uric acid in the blood plasma.
What are “other products of digestion” and how are they carried in blood?
substances such as amino acids or glucose are dissolved or suspended in plasma,
Where is oxygen carried in the blood and how?
Oxygen is carried in the red blood cells by the haemoglobin pigment
Carbon Dioxide is carried in the blood? and how?
Carbon dioxide can be carried by the haemoglobin in red blodd cells but most of it is carried in the blood plasma. this is in the form of bicarbonate ions.
Water carried in the blood how?
carried as the liquid solvent in the blood plasma
You have to preform a first hand investigation to demonstrate the effect of dissolved carbon dioxide on the pH of water.
this is your aim, name the method?
Aim: To determine how dissolved carbon dioxide affects the pH of water.
- add ten drops of universal indicator to 50ml of water in a beaker
- use a straw to exhale air through the water. noting that exhaled contains a high proportion of carbon dioxide.
- observe changes in colour
With the investigation of dissolved carbon dioxide in water and its pH what would the results say?
The UI changes from green to yellow. If tested with a pH probe the pH will change from a 7 to a 6.5 or lower depending on how long carbon dioxide was added.
With the investigation of dissolved carbon dioxide in water and its pH what would the conclusion say?
Carbon Dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid. This decreases the pH and increases the acidity of water
Explain the reaction with chemistry and an equation.
Carbon Dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid.
eg. CO2 + H20 —-> H2CO3
Carbonic acid is a weak acid which partly ionizes =
H2CO3 ——-> H+ + HCO3-
The hydrogen ion makes the water acidic and the HCO3 is the bicarbonate ion and that is how it is carried in blood.
Why is there a need to remove the carbon dioxide from the body?
You have to remember that enzymes are very sensitive to pH changes and quickly change shape and lose their catalytic activity. this would be disastrous for cell metabolism.
To avoid this problem CO2 is carried away in the blood as rapidly as it is produced in the cells.
With internal transport systems in mammals, what system to they primarily rely on with their body?
The circulatory system, made up of the blood, heart and blood vessels; veins arteries and capillaries
With internal transport systems in mammals, what system to they primarily rely on with their body to get all elements moved around?
The circulatory system, made up of the blood, heart and blood vessels; veins arteries and capillaries
You are going to need to estimate the size of red and white blood cells with an investigation. what is the aim?
To estimate the size of red and white blood cells and draw scaled diagrams of each.
The aim is “To estimate the size of red and white blood cells and draw scaled diagrams of each” name a method.for this practical.
- use commercially available slides of human blood and a grid slide. If you do not have a grid slide, place a clear plastic millimetre ruler at the bottom of the field of view.
- Note with the use of diagrams or own knowledge that red blood cells contain no nucleus, while white blood cells contain a large, lobular nucleus.
- Observe under low power and use the reference grid to determine the size of your field of view.
what would be the results to the investigation of “estimating the size of red and white blood cells?”
Red blood cells are about 7 microns in diameter and are disc shaped
white blood cells are about 10 microns in diameter and are more spherical and contain an obvious nucleus.
what would be the conclusion to the investigation of “estimating the size of red and white blood cells?”
White blood cells are bigger than red blood cells.
What is haemoglobin?
Haemoglobin is a complex molecule that gives blood its red colour. Haemoglobin enables blood to carry oxygen.
The protein portion “globin” consists of peptide chains, each of which has an iron containing “haeme” group
Oxygen is carried in a loose combination called oxyhaemoglobin.
How is the presence of haemoglobin an advantage to organisms?
Oxygen unlike carbon dioxide does not readily react to form an acid and therefore it can only be held in a water solution.
Though only a little of water can be carried at a certain time in the substance, and the rate at which oxygen is carried to cells is an important factor in the maintenance of living processes.
There fore there is a need for increased capacity to be able to carry the oxygen in the blood, and this increase its brought about haemoglobin!!!!
Whats a structural advantage of haemoglobin in relation to oxygen?
the structure of the haemoglobin molecule is an adaptive advantage because it is a type of molecule that can combine with oxygen loosely at the respiratory surfaces and then release the oxygen freely in the capillaries.
Other adaptive advantages of haemoglobin?
- during the development of red blood cells in mammals the nucleus is lost from the cell and the cell aquires haemoglobin. it has been suggested that the development of red blood cells without a nucleus is an evolutionary advantage because it leaves extra room for more haemoglobin in each cell.
- in the blood of most vertebrates, haeme units are combined in groups of four. therefore, the whole haemoglobin molecule can carry four oxyfen molecules. this is an adaptive advantage in that it increases the rate and efficency of oxygen intake and transport.
What are two examples of technologies used to meausre oxygen saturation and carbon dioxide concentrations in blood?
ABG (Arterial blood gas) analysis and A pulse oximiter
Describe ABG analysis?
This analysis measures the amounts of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.
the analysis evaluates how effectively the lungs are delivering oxygen and how well the lungs are getting rid of carbon dioxide.
A blood gas analyser measures what in its analysis?
partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide, the oxygen content, oxygen saturation , bicarbonate content and blood pH.
What is blood collected for ABG analysis?
Arterial blood is collected.
Describe a pulse oximeter?
this can be used for monitoring oxygen saturation , it is a device that is attached to a finger and uses the absorption of light to measure oxygen saturation.
Whats an advantage of a pulse oximetre
it has the ability to be non invasive and can provide continuous monitoring for patients undergoing anaesthesia or mechanical ventilation.
When are the pulse oximeters used and the ABG analysis used?
These technologies are used under the conditions of:
- to assess respiratory diseases and other conditions that may affect the lungs such as emphysema, pneumonia and sciliosis.
- to manage patients recieving oxygen therapy, mechanical ventilation or anaesthesia.
Blood is pumped from the heart to the body cells through?
Arteries
Veins carry blood?
back to the heart
To pass from arteries to veins, blood must?
pass through tiny thin walled blood vessels called capillaries.
There are capillaries next to?
every cell of the body, and every entry and exit point of the body.
Thinness of the cappilary walls allows?
chemicals to diffuse in and out of the blood.
Features of arteries?
- thick, muscular walls
- no valves present
- carry blood away from the heart
- carry oxygenated blood (except for the pulmonary artery)
- blood in arteries is under pressure. (it is being pumped)
Features of veins?
- thin walled
- valves are present to prevent back flow of blood
- carry blood back to the heart
- arries deoxygenated blood (except for the pulmonary vein)
- blood is under low pressure; movement is assisted by body muscles.
Features of capillaries?
- thin walled, often only one cell thick
- carries blood between arteries and veins
Describe a cross section of a physical vein as if looking at an image of one.
first it has a muscle layer, then a lining of cells, and then the vein cavity for the blood flow
Describe a cross section of an artery.
first it has a muscle layers (2) then it is lined with elastic fires followed by a lining of cells and then the artery cavity where the blood is being pumped.
Describe a cross section of a capillary.
it is thin walled, often only one cell thick. (it connects arteries and veins.