BP S5 Flashcards
What are some current reproductive techniques?
Artificial insemination, Artificial pollination and Cloning
Simply state what type of fertilization artificial insemination requires?
Artificial insemination, it is an reproductive technology that where fertilisation occurs outside of the body in a glass dish. The fertilised egg is then implanted into the uterus, where it develops this process is also used in agriculture for cows and horses.
IVF can also be used when a person is…
Sterile.
What type of fertilization does Artificial pollination require?
It requires fertilisation from pollen from a selected breed of plant with desirable traits which is then artificially transferred to the female stigma.
What does artificial pollination do?
It creates anew hybrid species and so alters the genetic composition of a population: new gene combinations are created, some genes are now more common then before.
What has artificial insemination and pollination done in correlation to natural selection?
It has resulted in the reduction of biodiversity. Conversely if artificial insemination is used for humans it may result in couples passing on their genes when not naturally being able to do so. This will have impeded the process of Natural Selection.
Animal and plant cloning refers to the making of genetically identical organisms asexually from single cells without fertilisation. Animal cloning can happen in two basic methodologies, name them.
- DNA is extracted from the organisms tissue and inserted into an egg cell which previously had its own DNA removed, thus creating an embryo, the embryo is then implanted in a uterus for gestation.
- Cells are taken from an embryo and allowed to develop into several embryos with identical genes.
Gene cloning refers to making multiple copies of DNA segments using…
Recombinant DNA technology.
What is an advantage of cloning organisms identical to each other
Characteristics can be precisely controlled and organisms can be produced in short periods of time without the testing needed in traditional selective breeding.
What is a disadvantage of cloning organisms identical to each other?
If all the species in the population are identical to one another they are less likely to survive sudden environmental changes.
Name the method of cloning an animal from an embryo
To clone a cow with high milk producing abilities.
- Artificially inseminate the cow with sperm from a prized bull
- The embryo develops to a mass of thirty-two identical cells
- The embryo is then removed and the mass is separated into the thirty two identical cells
- Microsurgery is then used to separate the nucleus from each of the 32 identical cells
- The genes from the embryonic cells are then inserted into the space once occupied by the genetic material in unfertilised eggs of 32 carrier cows.
- Each new embryo is transplanted into the uterus of a carrier cow, where it develops fully.
- Each carrier cow gives birth to a calf that is genetically identical to the other thirty one calves. Each calf is a clone.
Describe the process of producing a transgenic species in dot points.
Scientist can now snip genes from one species and insert them into another species to produce genetically altered organisms. These organisms had never been about until they had been engineered.
- Scientists choose the trait they want to express, using recombinant DNA technology they isolate the DNA segment and transfer the genes for the trait into the reproducing cells, or splice the gene into the DNA of another organism.
- Special enzymes break up chromosomes into gene fragments that represent a specific DNA sequence
- The gene is then cloned, after that the gene is then introduced into the reproducing cells of plants or animals to create the transgenic organism.
Reasons for Transgenic species use?
- Enables scientists to artificially combine the qualities of different organisms
- Developed to increase resistance of plants and animals to diseases, pests and extreme environmental conditions.
- For medicines and vaccines
- To study human disease
- To improve the productivity of crops
- To develop new products
Some examples of transgenic species?
- Transgenic tomatoes that have been developed to have a longer shelf life in supermarkets
- The super pig, that has about ten extra growth hormones within it. The genes are engineered from synthetic DNA copied from human DNA material, genes are switched on in the presence of zinc.
Australia and transgenic soya beans?
Australia now imports transgenic soya beans, these have been genetically engineered to be resistant to the herbicide round up, so that the crop is not harmed when the herbicide is sprayed. CSIRO scientists spliced a gene into cotton that makes the plant resistant to herbicide.
