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HSC BIOLOGY > COM S6 > Flashcards

COM S6 Flashcards

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1
Q

Outline and compare the detection of vibrations by insects, fish and mammals

A

Hearing  ability to detect sound waves by changing the vibrations of sound to electrical energy of nerves

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2
Q

Outline and compare the detection of vibrations by insects, fish and mammals (Insect)

A

• Only some can hear  Crickets, grasshoppers, cicadas, butterflies, moths & flies
• Body hairs may vibrate in response to sound waves
• Male mosquitos  hairs on antennae that vibrate in response to wing vibrations of flying female mosquitos  brings together for mating
• Tympanic organ (some insects)  detects vibrations
 Tympanic membrane stretched across internal chamber
 Sound waves vibrate membrane  stimulates receptor cells on inside membrane or within chamber
• Crickets  ears on legs
• Grasshoppers & cicadas  ears on abdomens

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3
Q

Outline and compare the detection of vibrations by insects, fish and mammals (Fish)

A

• Lateral line system on side of body – detects:
 Fish’s movement in water
 Direction and speed of current
 Vibrations from surrounding objects
 Low-frequency sound waves
• Receptor cells  detect movement  water flowing through bends hair cells  produces nervous impulses  sent to brain
• Inner ears near the brain
 Vibrations conducted through skeleton and bladder
 Receptors respond to higher frequencies

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4
Q

Outline and compare the detection of vibrations by insects, fish and mammals (Mammals)

A

• Ears  main organ to detect vibrations
• Vibrations detected by hair cells in internal structures  due to vibrations of membranes & amplification from outside to inner ear
• Used for communication
• Echolocation:
 Detect size, position & movement of close objects
 Used in sperm whales, bats and dolphins

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5
Q

Structures of the outer ear?

A

Pinna, Tympanic Membrane

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6
Q

Pinna, its anatomy and function

A

• Large fleshy external part

  • Collects sound waves from wide area (environment)
  • Directs sound into ear
  • Waves = vibration of air molecules
  • Waves continue along canal known as external auditory meatus
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7
Q

Tympanic membrane, its anatomy and function

A
  • Ear drum
  • Stretches tightly across end of auditory canal
  • Sound waves cause it to vibrate  vibrations travel to oval window by ear ossicles
  • Separates outer and middle ear
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8
Q

Name the structures of the middle ear.

A

Ear ossicles, Oval window, Round window

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9
Q

Ear ossicles, its anatomy

A
  • Three tiny bones

* Malleus (hammer), incus (anvil) and stapes (stirrups)

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10
Q

Oval window, its anatomy

A
  • Small, thin membrane between middle and inner ear

* Links ossicles with cochlea

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11
Q

Round window, its anatomy

A
  • Located below oval window

* Membrane between middle ear and cochlea

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12
Q

Ear ossicles, its function

A
  • Transmit sound waves to inner ear (vibrations travel well through bone)
  • Tympanic membrane kept tense by malleus  sound vibrating through membrane transmitted to malleus  into inner ear
  • Eardrum vibrates  ossicles vibrate  amplifying the sound and transmitting to oval window
  • Stapes connects with oval window  movement of inner ear fluid
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13
Q

Oval Window, its function

A
  • Receives vibration from tympanic membrane via ossicles  much greater force
  • Passes vibrations onto fluid in cochlea
  • Amplifies pressure of sound
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14
Q

Round window, its function

A

• Bulges outward to allow pressure release in cochlea

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15
Q

Name the structures of the inner ear.

A

Cochlea, Organ of Corti, Auditory nerve

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16
Q

Cochlea, its anatomy

A
  • Fluid-filled chamber
  • Snail-like spiral coiled tube
  • Three tubular chambers
  • 35mm long
  • 1st & 2nd chambers  separated by Reissner’s membrane
  • 2nd & 3rd chambers  separated by basilar membrane
17
Q

Cochlea, its function.

A
  • Contains receptors for sound
  • Vestibular apparatus  balance
  • Round window bulging outwards  fluid in cochlear vibrates
  • Changes mechanical energy into electrochemical energy
18
Q

Organ of Corti, its anatomy

A
  • On basilar membrane in cochlea

* Contains auditory receptor cells

19
Q

Organ of Corti, its function

A
  • Hair cells  receptor cells – detect vibrations & generate nerve impulses  travel via auditory nerve to brain
  • Transfer vibrations into electrochemical signals
20
Q

Auditory Nerve, its anatomy

A

• Nerve travelling from ear to brain

21
Q

Auditory nerve, its function

A

• Transmits electrochemical signals to brain

22
Q

Outline the role of the Eustachian tube

A
  • Connects the middle ear to the pharynx (chamber at nose and throat)
  • Usually closed  can be opened by yawning or swallowing
  • Connects to air-filled space  Equalise the pressure on either side of tympanic membrane (ear drum)
23
Q

Outline the path of a sound wave through the external, middle and inner ear and identify the energy transformations that occur

A
  • Sound waves collected by the pinna  auditory canal  tympanic membrane (vibrates at same frequency as sound)
  • First ossicle (malleus) attached to tympanic membrane  bone vibrates, amplifies vibration  passes onto two other ossicles, amplify vibration
  • Last ossicle (stapes) attached to oval window  vibrates  fluid in cochlea vibrates
  • Sound energy converted to mechanical energy
  • As oval window bulges into inner ear  causes waves in fluid  bends hair cells 
  • Hair cells of organ of Corti detect vibration  stimulate nerve impulses
  • Mechanical energy converted into electrochemical energy  pass message to cerebrum in brain via auditory nerve
24
Q

Whats the organ of corti?

A
  • Organ of Corti  ribbon-like structure in cochlea
  • Sound receptor = hair cells
  • Includes: Basilar membrane – hair cells – tectorial membrane
25
Q

Whats the Basilar membrane?

A

 Have hair cells of different lengths
 Vibrations from oval window  transmitted through cochlea fluids  hair cells vibrate according to frequency
 High frequency sounds cause short hair cells at front of membrane (nearest to oval window) to vibrate
 Low frequency sounds stimulate long hair cells at end of membrane (travel to end)

26
Q

Describe the relationship between the distribution of hair cells in the organ of Corti and the detection of sounds of different frequencies

A

• As basilar membrane vibrates  hair cells of organ of Corti pushed against tectorial membrane  hair cells send electrochemical impulse along auditory nerve to brain
• Organ of Corti = distinguishes sounds of different frequencies  sending pattern to brain of vibrations
 Sends information on intensity and duration of sound
• Round window = vibrations stop
 Bulges outwards as waves reach it

27
Q

outline the range of frequencies detected by humans as sound and compare this range with two other mammals, discussing possible reasons for the differences identified

A
  • Human frequency range = 20-23000 Hz
  • Range of frequencies heard varies from species to species
Mammal	Lowest frequency detected > Highest frequency detected (Hz)
Human 	20-23 000
Dog	67-45 000
Whale 1000-123 000
Bats	100 000-120 000

• Reasons for differences:
 Very high sounds (used by bats) allow for precise echolocation
 Whales need to communicate over large distances  low sounds travel long way underwater

28
Q

Mammal Lowest frequency detected > Highest frequency detected (Hz)

A

Human 20-23 000
Dog 67-45 000
Whale 1000-123 000
Bats 100 000-120 000

29
Q

Outline the role of the sound shadow cast by the head in the location of sound

A
  • Head casts sonic shadow between sound source and furthest ear away from the sound
  • One ear receives less sound than the other
  • Humans usually turn head to locate sound
  • Sound coming from right reaches right ear  then blocked by head
  • To reach left ear  sound waves must travel around or through head
  • Head absorbs high frequencies easily than low ones  creates sound shadow for ear furthest away from sound source
  • Small difference in perception by each ear  brain can interpret direction
  • When sound comes from in front or behind  both ears receive same stimulus
30
Q

Hearing aid, where is the device placed?

A 
•	Fit into hollow outside ear canals  Pinna
•	Battery-operated 
•	Consists of 
 Microphone to capture sounds
 Amplifier to magnify sounds
 Earphone to channel into ear
31
Q

Hearing aid, position and type of energy transfer occurring?

A
  • Helps in converting sound energy into electrical energy
  • Sound waves sent to amplifier  Amplify sounds
  • Amplified sound waves sent to sensory hair cells in organ of Corti  convert into electrical impulses
32
Q

Hearing aid, Conditions under which the technology will assist hearing?

A

• People with sensorineural hearing loss
 Develops when auditory nerve or hair cells damaged by aging, noise, illness etc
• Recipient must have some hearing left  Can only amplify sound
• Greatly improve comprehension, speech and low frequency discrimination

33
Q

Hearing aid, Limitations of each technology

A
  • Limited assistance in high frequency ranges
  • Amplification  Loud noises = annoying
  • Batteries may run out  BUT most models give adequate warning of dying batteries
  • Do not assist in nerve deafness caused by damage to inner ear, auditory nerve or auditory centre of the brain
34
Q

Cochlear implant, Where is the device placed?

A

Surgically placed under the skin behind the ear & Transmitter on outside

35
Q

Cochlear Implant, Position and type of energy transfer occurring

A
  • Sound waves  microphone & speech processor
  • Transmitter  Receiver  Cochlear  direct to auditory nerve
  • Energy transfer: Sound energy  electrical energy  radio waves  electrical signals  electrochemical
36
Q

Cochlear Implant, Conditions under which the technology will assist hearing?

A

• Hair cell damage  causes hearing loss
 Hair cells convert sound energy into electrical energy that can stimulate auditory nerve
• Deaf people
• Works best where people lost their hearing after they learnt to speak

37
Q

Cochlear Implant, Limitations of each technology

A
  • Only 80% effective
  • Risks involved with surgical insertion of implants
  • Cost: surgery expensive and on-going costs
  • Surgery side-effects: droopy face and numb tongue
  • Adjustment to different lifestyle and sensation of hearing sounds  difficult

HSC BIOLOGY (21 decks)

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