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Sexual Reproduction In Flowering Plants (Chapter 40) Flashcards

0
Q

sexual reproduction

A

Sexual reproduction involves the Union of two sex cells or gametes

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1
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

Asexual reproduction involves only one parent

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2
Q

Gametes

A

Gametes are haploid cells capable of fusion

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3
Q

Stamens

A

Stamens are the male parts of the flower

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4
Q

Carpels

A

Carpels are the female parts of the flower

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5
Q

Pollination

A

Pollination is the transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma of a flower from the same species

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6
Q

Self-pollination

A

Self pollination involves the transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma on the same plant

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7
Q

Cross-pollination

A

Cross- pollination involves the transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma on a different plant of the same species.

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8
Q

Fertilisation

A

Fertilisation is the union of the male and female gametes to form a diploid zygote.

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9
Q

Non-endospermic seed

A

A non-endospermic seed has no endosperm when fully formed

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10
Q

Endospermic seed

A

An endospermic seed contains some endosperm when fully formed

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11
Q

Dispersal

A

Dispersal is the transfer of a seed or fruit away from the parent plant

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12
Q

Dormancy

A

Dormancy is a resting period when seeds undergo no growth and have reduced cell activity or metabolism

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13
Q

Germination

A

Germination is the re growth of the embryo, after a period of dormancy, if the environmental conditions are suitable

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14
Q

Function of Sepal

A

To protect the flower (and prevent it from drying out)

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15
Q

Function of Petals

A

To attract insects to the flower for pollination

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16
Q

Function of Stamen

A

To produce the pollen grains in the anthers. Each pollen grain produces two male gametes, one of which can fertilise an egg cell)

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17
Q

Function of Anther

A

Produces Pollen

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18
Q

Function of Filament

A

Holds the anther in place.

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19
Q

Function of Carpel

A

To produce the ovules (each ovule contains an egg cell inside an embryo sac)

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20
Q

Function of Stigma

A

where pollen lands after pollination

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21
Q

Function of Style

A

Pollen travels down this

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22
Q

Function of Ovary

A

Contains ovules

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23
Q

Methods of Pollination

A
  • Animal Pollination

- Wind Pollination

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24
Q

Adaptations for animal (insect) pollination

A
  1. Petals brightly coloured, scented with nectaries
  2. Small amounts of sticky pollen
  3. Anthers inside petals
  4. Stigmas sticky, inside petals.
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25
Q

Adaptations for Wind pollination

A
  1. Petals small, not coloured brightly
  2. Anthers outside petals.
  3. Stigmas large, feathery and outside petals
  4. Pollen large numbers, light, dry and small
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26
Q

What produces the male gametes in Plant fertilisation?

A

The pollen grain

27
Q

What produces the egg cell and polar nuclei in Plant fertilisation?

A

The Embryo sac

28
Q

How is an embryo formed?

A

The zygote grows repeatedly by mitosis to form an embryo.

29
Q

When is the endosperm used up in non-endospermic seeds?

A

In the early stages of seed development so the food is stored in the cotyledons

30
Q

What is a food store for the developing seed?

A

The endosperm

31
Q

What does an embryo consist of?

A 
A plumule  (future shoot) 
A radical (future root)
Cotyledons (food stores needed for germination)
32
Q

What two features dictate a seeds classification?

A
  • number of cotyledons

- presence of endosperm

33
Q

Maize classification.

A
  • monocotyledon

- endosperm present (endospermic)

34
Q

Broad bean classification

A
  • dicotyledon

- endosperm absent (non-endospermic)

35
Q

What becomes the seed?

36
Q

What becomes the fruit?

37
Q

What stimulates the process of fruit formation?

A

Stimulated by growth regulators produced by the seeds

38
Q

Two ways in which seedless fruit can be formed

A
  1. Genetically (naturally or by special breeding programmes)
  2. Growth Regulators eg. Auxins (if large amounts of growth regulators are sprayed on flowers, fruits may form without fertilisation.
39
Q

4 reasons dispersal of fruit and seed is needed.

A
  1. Minimises competition for light, water etc.
  2. Avoids overcrowding.
  3. Colonises new areas
  4. Increases chances of survival.
40
Q

4 types of dispersal of fruit and seed

A
  1. Wind
  2. Water
  3. Animal
  4. Self.
41
Q

Advantages of Dormancy

A
  1. Plants avoid harsh winter conditions
  2. Gives the embryo time to develop
  3. Provides time for dispersal
42
Q

Application of dormancy in agriculture and horticulture.

A
  • Some seeds need a period of cold before they germinate.
  • It may be necessary to break dormancy in some seeds before they are planted for agriculture or horticultural purposes.
  • This can be done by placing them in the fridge before they are planted
43
Q

Factors necessary for germination

A
  1. water
  2. oxygen
  3. suitable temperature
  4. dormancy must be complete.
44
Q

Use of Water in Germination

A
  1. activates the enzymes
  2. medium for germination reactions eg. digestion
  3. transport medium for digested products
45
Q

Use of Oxygen in Germination

A

Needed for aerobic respiration

46
Q

Use of suitable temperature in Germination

A

allows maximum enzyme activity.

47
Q

Events in Germination

A
  1. Digestion (of stored food in endosperm and cotyledon)

2. Respiration (to produce ATP to drive cell division.

48
Q

When do events in germination cease?

A

Events in Germination cease when the plant’s leaves have developed and the plant has started to photosynthesise

49
Q

Hypogeal meaning

A

The cotyledon stays below the ground as the plant grows

50
Q

Epigeal meaning

A

The cotyledon is pushed above ground as the plant grows.

51
Q

Vegetative Propagation

A

A form of asexual reproduction that does not involve gametes, flowers, seeds or fruits. Can happen naturally or can be done artificially.

52
Q

What happens in natural vegetative propagation

A

Part of the plant becomes separated from the parent plant and divides by mitosis to grow into a new plant. As a result, the offspring are genetically identical to the parent.

53
Q

Name the four parts of the plant that may be modified for the purpose of vegetative propagation

A
  1. stem
  2. root
  3. leaf
  4. bud.
54
Q

Two types of modified stems and description and examples

A
  1. Runners. (terminal bud of the runner sends up new shoot. eg. strawberry)
  2. Stem Tubers (swollen underground stem tips, buds (eyes) produce new shoots eg potato)
55
Q

Type of modified root and description and example.

A

Root Tuber (swollen fibrous roots. the tuber stores food, but the new plant develops from a side bud at the base of the old stem eg. Dahlia.)

56
Q

Difference between Root Tuber and Tap Roots.

A

Tap roots eg. Carrot, are swollen roots for food storage in biennial plants and they are not reproductive organs, however root tubers are reproductive organs.

57
Q

Type of modified leaves and description and example.

A

Plantlets (some plants produce plantlets along the edges of the leaves. Plantlets reach a certain size, fall off and grow into new plants eg Lily)

58
Q

Type of modified buds and description and example.

A

Bulbs (a bulb contains an underground stem, reduced in size. leaves are swollen with stored food. eg. onion.. The main bud (apical bud) will grow into a new shoot, the side buds (lateral buds) will also grow into new shoots)

59
Q

Four types of artificial vegetative propagation

A
  1. Cuttings
  2. Grafting
  3. Layering
  4. Micropropagation
60
Q

Cutting (description and example)

A

Part of the plant (usually shoots) removed from plant are allowed to form new roots and leaves.
Rooted in water, well watered compost, or rooting powder
eg. geranium

61
Q

Grafting (description and example)

A

Part of one plant (scion) is removed and attatched to a healthy rooted part of a second plant (stock)
Useful qualities from both plants combined into one eg. Rose flower and thorn-less stem
eg. apple trees

62
Q

Layering (Description and example)

A

A branch of a plant is bent over and pinned to the earth at a node. When roots develop, the branch is separated from the parent plant. Useful for the propagation of woody plants eg. Blackberry.

63
Q

Micropropagation (tissue culture) description and example

A

Cells removed from plant and grown as a tissue culture in a special medium. Growth regulators and nutrients added so that growing cells form a group of similar cells called a callus. Different growth regulators are then added so that this tissue develops into a plantlet. Plantlet can be divided up again to produce many identical plants. Entire plant can be grown from a small piece of stem, leaf or root tissue. Used in mass production of house plants and crops such as bananas and strawberries.
Provides a larger number of plants more quickly than cuttings.Can be used to check cells for a particular feature eg. resistance to chemicals or a particular disease.

64
Q

Runners

A

Runners (eg strawberries) are horizontal stems that run above ground and from which new plants grow

65
Q

Root tuber

A

A root tuber is a swollen, underground root that remains dormant during winter and from which new plants may grow

66
Q

Bulb

A

A bulb is a modified bud

Biology (17 decks)

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