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Biology > Food (Chapter 3) > Flashcards

Food (Chapter 3) Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Salts in Food

A

Sodium (Na), Magnesium (Mg), Chlorine (Cl), Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca)

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1
Q

Elements in Food

A

Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Sulfur (S)

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2
Q

Trace elements in Food

A

Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn)

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3
Q

Biomolecules

A

Biomolecules are chemicals that are made inside a living thing.

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4
Q

Carbohydrate Formula

A

Cx(H2O)y where x=y

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5
Q

Glucose Formula

A

C6H12O6

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6
Q

Monosaccharides

A 
Smallest unit of carbohydrates. 
Sweet.
Soluble in water. 
One single sugar unit. 
Glucose and fructose
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7
Q

Disaccharides

A 
Sweet
Soluble in water 
Two monosaccharides joined together 
Sucrose. Glucose+fructose 
Maltose. Glucose+glucose
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8
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Insoluble or only slightly soluble in water.
Many monosaccharides joined together
Starch (amylose) long chain of glucose molecules in a line (easily digestible). In rice, potatoes etc
Cellulose. Many glucose molecules joined with cross bonding. More difficult to digest. Fibre. Stimulates intestines to contract. Peristalsis. Very strong and used in cell walls of plants

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9
Q

Test for reducing sugar (glucose)

A

Benedict’s solution. Turns from blue to brick red.

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10
Q

Test for starch

A

Iodine. Turns blue black colour

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11
Q

Test for fat

A

Brown paper. Translucent spot

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12
Q

Test for protein

A

Sodium hydroxide and copper sulphate solution. Pink purple colour

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13
Q

Fats and oils difference

A

Fats are solid at room temperature and oils are liquid at room temperature

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14
Q

Lipids include…

A

Fats
Oils
Steroids which include cholesterol and some of the sex hormones
Waxes which cover insect bodies and plant leaves

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15
Q

Structure of lipids

A

Elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. But not in the same ratios as carbohydrates.
Made up of two main molecules: fatty acids and glycerol.

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16
Q

Triglycerides

A

Smallest lipid

Made of 3 fatty acid molecules and one glycerol molecule

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17
Q

Phospholipid definition

A

Phospholipids are fat like structures where one of the fatty acids is replaced by a phosphate group

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19
Q

Phospholipid

A

One fatty acid is replaced by a phosphate group.
Two fatty acids
One glycerol molecule
And one phosphate

20
Q

Source of lipids

A

Fat in and on meat
Butter -80% fat
Cooking oils

21
Q

Protein elements

A 
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen 
Nitrogen
Some may contain sulphur, prosperous or iron
22
Q

Proteins are made up of a long chain of _________

A

Amino acids

23
Q

There are _____________ amino acids found in protein

A

20 common and several rare

24
Q

Amino acids are joined together by ____________

A

Peptide bonds

25
Q

The joining of peptide bonds results in the formation of __________

A

Polypeptide chains

26
Q

All amino acids contain four distinct chemical groups connected to a central carbon atom… They are?

A

A single hydrogen atom
An amino acid
A carboxyl group
A side chain

27
Q

Vitamins

A

Vitamins are essential organic catalysts of metabolism.
They are needed in small amounts and can not be produced in the body
They must be supplied continuously and in sufficient qualities
They differ from each other chemically

28
Q

Water soluble vitamins

A

B and C

29
Q

Fat soluble vitamins

A

A, D, E and K

30
Q

Anabolic reaction definition

A

Anabolic reactions convert smaller molecules into larger ones.

31
Q

Catabolic reaction definition

A

In a catabolic reaction, a complex molecule is broken down to simpler ones

32
Q

Example of an anabolic reaction

A

Photosynthesis

33
Q

Example of a catabolic reaction

A

Respiration

34
Q

Metabolic role of carbohydrates

A

Glucose is made in photosynthesis. Glucose releases energy in respiration

35
Q

Structural role of carbohydrates

A

Cellulose forms cell walls

36
Q

Structural role of lipids

A

Store energy
Insulate
Form membranes

37
Q

Metabolic role of lipids

A

Releases energy in respiration

38
Q

Structural role of proteins

A

Forms structures such as skin, hair, nails and muscle

39
Q

Metabolic role of proteins

A

Enzymes
Some hormones and
Antibodies

40
Q

Vitamin C

  1. Another name for it
  2. Sources
  3. Metabolic role
  4. Deficiency
A
  1. Ascorbic acid
  2. Vegetables and fresh fruit
  3. Forms connective tissue, bones and teeth, helps healing and immune system
  4. scurvy (poor skin, bleeding, bad teeth and gums)
41
Q

Vitamin D

  1. Another name for it
  2. Sources
  3. Metabolic role
  4. Deficiency
A
  1. Calciferol
  2. Liver, fish oils, milk, made in skin (UV Rays)
  3. Helps absorb calcium for bones and teeth
  4. Rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults (weak, deformed, brittle bones)
42
Q

What are minerals?

A

They are salts formed in the earths crust

43
Q

Minerals and plants:

A

Calcium to make cell walls
Magnesium to make chlorophyll
Nitrates to make proteins
Phosphates to make ATP, DNA

44
Q

Minerals and animals

A

Calcium to make bones and teeth
Iron to make haemoglobin
Sodium for the regulation of the osmotic balance (water content)of the cells and blood

45
Q

Sources of protein

A

Lean meat, fish, pulses, soya, and eggs

Biology (17 decks)

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