Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Genetics (Chapters 15-19) > Flashcards

Genetics (Chapters 15-19) Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Species

A

A species is a group of similar organisms that are capable of naturally interbreeding with each other to produce fertile offspring.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Variation within species

A

Variation within species means that in a group of successfully interbreeding organisms the individual members show different characteristics.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Classification

A

Classification is placing organisms into similar groups according to similarities in structure, function and development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Acquired Variation

A

These are not inherited.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Inherited Variation

A

These are inherited

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Heredity (genetic inheritance)

A

Heredity is the passing on of features from parents to offspring by means of genes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Genes

A

A gene is a section of DNA that causes the production of protein.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Gene expression

A

Gene expression is the precise way in which the genetic information in a gene is decoded in the cell and used to make a protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

characterists = ______+______

A

heredity + environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Chromosomes are composed of about 60% _______ and 40% _________

A

Chromosomes are composed of about 60% protein (called histone) and 40% DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

___% of DNA in a human cell does not consist of genes. This DNA is said to be non-coding DNA

A

97%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

________ are responsible for holding the DNA in its folded state

A

Proteins are responsible for holding the DNA in its folded state.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The strands are linked by pairs of chemicals, called _____

A

bases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Name the four bases.

A

adenine (A)
thymine (T)
guanine (G)
cytosine (C)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What base does adenine join with?

A

Thymine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What base does guanine join with?

A

Cytosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

A chromosome consists of many base pairs arranged into a _____________

A

double helix.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Genes are made of ___

A

DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

A gene is a section of DNA required for the production of _____________

A

a particular protein molecule.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

DNA codes for each amino acid by using a sequence of three consecutive bases called ________

A

a codon.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

DNA profiling

A

DNA profiling is a method of making a unique pattern of bands from the DNA of a person, which can be used to distinguish that DNA from other DNA.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

1st step in Preparing a DNA profile

A

DNA is released by the breakdown of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

2nd step in Preparing a DNA profile

A

The DNA is cut into fragments using special enzymes called restriction enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

3rd step in Preparing a DNA profile

A

The fragments are separated on the basis of their sizes. Separated by a process called gel electrophoresis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Process of electrophoresis.

A

DNA fragments placed in a small glass tank containing a sugar based gel. Electric current is applied along the gel. The current draws the negatively charged DNA to one end of the gel. Small DNA fragments move faster to the porous gel than do the larger fragments. In this way bands of small fragments are separated from bands of larger fragments.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

4th step in Preparing a DNA profile

A

Patterns are compared.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Application of DNA profiles

A
  1. Crime- to see if someone was present at a crime scene

2. Medical- to determine paternity or maternity of a child.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Genetic screening

A

Genetic screening means testing DNA for the presence or absence of a particular gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the bases of RNA

A

Adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What base does adenine join with?

A

Uracil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

RNA is a __________ molecule unlike DNA

A

Single stranded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

DNA sequence GGAATC. What will be the RNA sequence?

A

CCUUAG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Where is RNA found?

A

In the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Unlike DNA, RNA can move out of the nucleus

34
Q

Transcription

A

Transcription is the copying of a sequence of genetic bases from DNA onto messenger RNA (mRNA)

35
Q

Translation

A

Translation is the conversion of a sequence of genetic bases on messenger RNA into a sequence of amino acids

36
Q

Purine bases

A

Adenine

Guanine

37
Q

Pyrimidine bases

A

Thymine and cytosine

38
Q

Difference between purine and pyrimidine bases

A

Purine bases are double ringed molecules and pyrimidine are single ringed molecules

39
Q

Three parts of a nucleotide

A

Phosphate, sugar and nitrogen base (eg A,T,C or G)

40
Q

DNA is made up of units called ______________

A

Nucleotides

41
Q

The nucleotides join together, with a bond between the phosphate group of one and the sugar group of the next forming a ____________

A

Polynucleotide

42
Q

The forces holding the bases together are _______________

A

Hydrogen bonds

43
Q

Gametes

A

Gametes are haploid cells that are capable of fusion

44
Q

Fertilisation

A

Fertilisation is the Union of two gametes to form a single cell called a zygote

45
Q

Alleles

A

Alleles are different forms of the same gene

46
Q

Locus

A

The locus of a gene is its position on a chromosome.

47
Q

Dominant

A

Dominant means that the allele prevents the working of the recessive allele.

48
Q

Recessive

A

Recessive means the allele is prevented from working by a dominant allele

49
Q

Genotype

A

Genotype means the genetic make-up of an organism

50
Q

Phenotype

A

Phenotype means the physical make-up of an organism

51
Q

phenotype = ________+________

A

environment + Genotype.

52
Q

Progeny

A

Progeny refers to offspring that are produces

53
Q

Homozygous

A

Homozygous means that two alleles are the same

54
Q

Heterozygous

A

Heterozygous means that the alleles are different.

55
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

Incomplete dominance means that neither allele is dominant or recessive with respect to the other. both alleles work in the heterozygous genotype to produce an intermediate phenotype.

56
Q

What is the name of the first 44 chromosomes?

A

autosomes

57
Q

What are the last two chromosomes?

A

sex chromosomes

58
Q

What letters represent a female?

A

XX

59
Q

What letters represent a male?

A

XY

60
Q

In which species are the patters of sex determination reversed

A

Birds, Butterflies and Moths. The males are XX and the females are XY

61
Q

Who is known as the father of genetics?

A

Gregor Mendel

62
Q

What is the law of segregation?

A

It states that Inherited characteristics are controlled by pairs of factors. These factors segregate from each other at gamete formation, with only one member of the pair being found in each gamete.

63
Q

What is the law of independent assortment?

A

It states that when gametes are formed, either of a pair of factors is equally likely to combine with either of another pair of factors.

64
Q

Linkage

A

Linkage means that genes are located on the same chromosome.

65
Q

Sex linkage

A

Sex linkage means that a characteristic is controlled by a gene on an X chromosome.

66
Q

Example of a sex linked characteristic?

A

Colour-blindness.

67
Q

Non-nuclear inheritance is found where?

A

In chloroplasts and mitochondria

68
Q

Non-nuclear DNA is passed on only from the (____ male/female____)?

A

female

69
Q

What does non-nuclear DNA allow?

A

It allows organelles to reproduce independently of the cell.

70
Q

Mutation

A

A mutation is a change in the amount or structure of DNA

71
Q

Mutagens

A

Mutagens are agents that cause mutations

72
Q

Gene (or Point) mutations

A

Gene mutations are changes in a single gene

73
Q

Example of a gene mutation

A

Sickle Cell Anaemia

74
Q

Chromosome mutations

A

Chromosome mutations are large changes in the structure or number of one or more chromosome.

75
Q

Example of a chromosome mutation

A

Down’s Syndrome

76
Q

Evolution

A

Evolution is the way in which living things change genetically to produce new forms of life over long periods of time.

77
Q

Natural Selection

A

Natural selection is the process by which those organisms with genetically controlled characteristics, that allow them to be well adapted to their environments, will survive and reproduce to pass on their genes to following generations.

78
Q

Evidence of evolution?

A

Fossils

79
Q

Study of fossils?

A

Palaentology

80
Q

Fossil

A

A fossil is the remains of (or is produced by) an ancient organism

81
Q

Fossils can be formed as (x5)

A
  • entire organisms
  • preserved parts
  • seeds
  • pollen grains
  • imprints
82
Q

Genetic Engineering

A

Genetic engineering is the artificial manipulation or alteration of genes.

Biology (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions