sex hormones

Question 1

what are hormones

Answer 1

A compound secreted by one cell that travels through the circulatory system to affect the activities of cells in another part of the body

Question 2

each hormone has a target cell, what is this

Answer 2

specific cells that will respond to its presence

These target cells possess the receptors needed to bind & “read” the hormonal message

Question 3

what 3 groups are hormones classified into

Answer 3

Amino acid derivatives
- Small

Peptide hormones
- chains of amino acids

Lipid derivatives

Question 4

Hormones classified in to 3 groups by what

Answer 4

chemical structure

Question 5

amino acids derivatives are synthesised by what

Answer 5

Tyrosine, such as:
- Catecholamines, e.g., epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine
- Thyroid Hormones, e.g., thyroxine

Tryptophan, such as:
- Melatonin

Question 6

Peptide Hormones are synthesised as what

Answer 6

as prohormones = inactive, which require to be activated.

Question 7

what are peptide hormones examples

Answer 7

Glycoproteins (>200aa):
- Thyroid stimulating hormone
- LH & FSH
- Erythropoietin
- Inhibin

Short Peptides & Small:
- Proteins (<200aa)
- Growth hormone
- Insulin

Question 8

what are some Lipid Derivatives

Answer 8

Eicosanoids (derived from arachadonic acids)
- Prostaglandins

Steroid Hormones(derived from cholesterol; lipid-soluble)
- Oestrogens
- Glucocorticoids

Question 9

sex hormones come from what

Answer 9

the gonads (ovaries & testes)

Most are steroids

Question 10

name some sex hormones and give ex

Answer 10

Androgens
- from Testis(& adrenal cortex)
- e.g., Testosterone

Oestrogens
- e.g., Oestradiol (also oestrone & oestriol)

Progesterones
- e.g., Progesterone

Inhibin
- from testis & ovary

Question 11

what are Progestins are

Answer 11

synthetic progesterones.

Question 12

explain the hormones of the ovary

Answer 12

Each follicle contains an egg cell & wall of (granulosa cells which secrete Oestradiol (1st half of menstrual cycle))

Follicle becomes corpus luteum

After ovulation, corpus luteum

Progesterone (for ~12 days, or several weeks if pregnant)

• Both follicle & corpus luteum secrete inhibin
• During pregnancy other hormones produced (e.g., relaxin)

Question 13

Granulosa cells secrete what

Answer 13

oestradiol

Question 14

explain the hormones of the testis

Answer 14

Interstitial cells (= cells of Leydig) nestled between sperm producing tubules

which secrete

• Testosterone (& weaker amounts of androgens & oestrogen)
  Sustentacular cells (= Sertoli cells)

which secrete

• Inhibin (decreases FSH to stabilise rate of sperm production)

Question 15

leydig cells are involve din what

Answer 15

testosterone

Question 16

sertoli cells are involved in what

Answer 16

inhibin

Question 17

explain the hormone testosterone and its response

Answer 17

from testis

Aids spermatogenesis, maintenance of functional reproductive organs, 2o sexual characteristics, sexual behaviour

Question 18

explain the hormone oestrogen (e.g., Oestradiol)
and its response

Answer 18

from ovaries

Uterine & mammary gland development & function, external genitalia structure, 2o sexual characteristics, sexual behaviour & menstrual behaviour

Question 19

explain the hormone progesterone
and its response

Answer 19

as oestrogens but not sexual behaviour

Question 20

explain the hormone inhibin
and its response

Answer 20

Suppresses FSH secretion

Question 21

what controls gonadal function

Answer 21

GnRH = Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone from the Hypothalamus.

Female effects:
- (follicular devt) FSH and LH
when oestrgen low and inhibin
- (corpus luteum) LH effecting progesterone and oestrogen

Male effects:
- (testis) FSH, in sertoni effecting inhibin
LH in leydig, effecting testosterone

FSH = Follicle Stimulating Hormone.
LH = Luteinising Hormone.

Latter 2 (the testis one and corpus luteum one) from anterior pituitary.

Question 22

explain endocrine malfunction of oestrogen in females

Answer 22

if oestrogen lowered, then this leads to hypogonadism
- sterility, lack of secondary sexual characteristics

if oestrogen increased, this leads to adrenogenital syndrome = masculinisation
or precocious puberty
- premature (age 506) sexual maturation and related behavioural changes, e.g. aggression.

Question 23

what are anabolic steroids and who tries to use them

Answer 23

Illegal use of anabolic steroids (hormones similar to testosterone) eg. by athletes

Taken to increase muscle size

Question 24

what are the side effects of anabolic steroids

Answer 24

Liver cancer
Kidney damage
Heart disease
Stunted growth
Aggressive behaviour.

Question 25

what may females experience by taking anabolic steroids

Answer 25

Atrophy (wasting away) of breasts & uterus

Menstrual irregularities

Sterility

Facial hair growth

Deepening of voice

Question 26

what may males experience by taking anabolic steroids

Answer 26

Atrophy ( wasting away) of testes

Baldness