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human anatomy and physiology > kidney structure and function > Flashcards

kidney structure and function Flashcards

1
Q

name the urinary system components

A

2 kidneys (left and right) & 2 ureters (left and right),
urinary bladder & urethra

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2
Q

define Nephrology

A

scientific study of anatomy, physiology & pathology of kidney

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3
Q

define urology

A

branch of medicine dealing with male & female urinary systems & male reproductive system.

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4
Q

what are the kidney functions

A

regulation of blood iron composition

maintenance of blood osmolarity

regulation of blood volume

Regulation of blood pressure

regulation of blood PH

release of hormones

regulation of blood glucose levels

secretion of waste and foreign substances

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5
Q

explain kidneys regulation of blood iron composition

A

Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl-, [HPO4]2-

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6
Q

explain kidneys maintenance of blood osmolarity

A

by separately regulating loss of water & solutes in urine, maintains 290mOsm/litre

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7
Q

explain kidneys regulation of blood volume

A

by conserving or eliminating water

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8
Q

explain kidneys regulation of blood pressure

A

Adjusting blood volume:
- Reduced blood volume = reduced blood pressure

Renin secretion:
- activates renin-angiotensin pathway
——–> Increase vasoconstriction & blood volume = increased blood pressure

Adjusts renal resistance:
- encountered by blood flowing through kidneys which in turn affects systemic vascular resistance
——-> Increased renal resistance = increased blood pressure.

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9
Q

explain the Renin-Angiotensin Pathway

A

for angiotensin II formation

liver produces angiotensinogen, which goes into blood stream with renin from kidney to produce angiotensin I. it then gets angiotensin converting enzyme from lung capillaries to form angiotensin II. which goes on to:
- vasoconstriction
- increased aldosterone secretion
- increased ADH secretion
- increased thirst

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10
Q

explain kidneys in regulation of blood pressure

A

excrete variable amount H+ into urine & conserve bicarbonate which buffers H+

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11
Q

explain kidneys in release of hormones

A

calcitriol
- regulate calcium homeostasis by increase absorption from foods in GI

erythropoietin
- stimulates RBC production

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12
Q

explain kidneys in regulation of blood glucose level

A

deaminate glutamine, use it for synthesising new glucose

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13
Q

explain kidneys in secretion of waste and foreign substances

A

in urine, due to body metabolism:

ammonia & urea
- from deamination of amino acids

bilirubin
- from catabolism of Hb

creatinine
- from breakdown of creatinine phosphate in muscles

uric acid
- from catabolism of nucleic acids

drugs & environmental toxins

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14
Q

wheres the kidneys found in body

A

paired just above the waist

At concave side:
all blood & lymphatic vessels, nerves & ureter enter/leave by the renal hilum

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15
Q

what 3 layers pf tissue are the kidneys surrounded by

A

renal capsule - transparent

adipose capsule - fat pad

renal fascia - connective tissue, attaches to posterior abdominal wall

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16
Q

name 2 distinct regions of kidneys internal anatomy

A

renal cortex
renal medulla

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17
Q

explain kidneys renal cortex

A

outer, smooth, reddish

the portions that extend between renal pyramids = renal columns

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18
Q

explain kidneys renal medulla

A

inner, reddish-brown

consists of 8-18 cone-shaped renal pyramids; apex (renal papilla) points to centre

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19
Q

what is the kidneys renal parenchyma

A

functional portion of kidney

composed of renal cortex + renal pyramids

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20
Q

explain kidneys nephrons

A

Functional unit of the kidney

within parenchyma, ~1 million microscopic units.

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21
Q

explain the travel of urine

A

urine is formed in nephron

then goes to:

papillary ducts = collecting ducts (several hundred)

then to:

minor (n=8-18) —-> major (2-3) calyces (cups)
(1 minor receives from ducts of 1 papilla)

then to:

renal pelvis (large single cavity)

then to:

ureter

then to:

urinary bladder

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22
Q

name the 2 parts to the nephron

A

renal corpuscle

renal tubule

23
Q

explain the nephrons renal corpuscle

A

(filters plasma)

Glomerulus:
- mass of capillary loops

Bowman’s Capsule:
- glomerular capsule surrounds glomerulus

24
Q

explain the nephrons renal tubule

A

(into which filtered fluid passes)

  1. proximal convoluted:
    attached to Bowman’s capsule
  2. Loop of Henle:
    descending, hairpin, ascending
  3. distal convoluted tubule
25
Q

name the 2 positions of nephrons and what % of nephrons are in these types

A

cortical: 80-85%
juxtamedullary: 15-20%

26
Q

the renal corpuscles lie where in cortical and juxtamedullary positions of nephrons

A

cortical:
Outer portion of renal cortex

JUXTAMEDULLARY:
Deep in cortex, close to medulla

27
Q

explain loops of henle in the cortical and juxtamedullary positions of nephron

A

cortical:
Short, mainly in cortex, slightly penetrate medulla

juxtamedullary:
Long, extend deep into medulla

28
Q

explain the different blood supply to loops in the cortical and juxtamedullary positions of nephrons

A

cortical:
From peritubular capillaries arising from efferent arterioles

juxtamedullary:
From peritubular capillaries & vasa recta arising from efferent arterioles

29
Q

explain the different ascending loop limbs in cortical and juxtamedullary positions of nephrons

A

cortical:
Thick only

juxtamedullary:
thin, then thick

30
Q

what do the thick & thin segments of ascending limb loop actually refer to

A

height of epithelium and not the diameter of the lumen.

31
Q

do kidneys have blood vessels and why

A

Abundantly supplied with blood vessels

removes waste from blood & regulates its volume & composition

32
Q

describe kidneys resting cardiac output

A

Although kidneys <0.5% body mass, receive 20-25% resting cardiac output via L + R renal arteries

33
Q

what is adult renal blood flow in L/min

A

1.2 L/min.

34
Q

summarise the path of blood flow through the kidney

A

from renal artery to arterioles

to glomerular capillaries

to efferent arterioles

to peritubular capillaries

to veins

i.e., large to small arteries to small to large veins.

35
Q

describe the looping pattern of vasa recta

A

it loops around the efferent arterioles, one side is ascending vasa recta (blue coloured) and one side is descending vasa recta (red coloured)

36
Q

what are the 2 components of the renal corpuscle

A

Bowman’s capsule

glomerulus

37
Q

explain the SEM of renal blood vessels

A

Several glomeruli & other blood vessels in kidney

High Power SEM of a single glomerulus (in a renal corpuscle)

38
Q

what cells forms the entire wall of the glomerular capsule, renal tubule & ducts

A

a single layer of epithelial cells

39
Q

Although epithelial cells forms the entire wall of the glomerular capsule, renal tubule & ducts, each part has what?

A

distinctive histological features that reflects its particular function

40
Q

explain the Glomerular Capsule outer and inner layers

A

Outer parietal layer wall of simple squamous epithelium

Inner visceral layer of specialised simple squamous epithelial cells = podocytes

41
Q

what do podocytes do

A

wrap around the glomerular capillaries

42
Q

pedicles allow what

A

filtration

43
Q

explain Podocytes structure and function

A

have foot-like projections (pedicels) to cover capillaries

Allow filtration slits (gaps) to be formed

44
Q

capillaries are……

A

fenestrated

45
Q

what make up the filtration membrane

A

Podocytes and fenestrated capillaries

the membrane is 0.1mm thick

46
Q

explain the filtration membrane

A

Fluid filtered from the capillaries (passed through basement membrane) passes filtration slits to enter the capsular (Bowman’s) space [between the 2 layers of the capsule]

47
Q

what passes from blood to capsular space?

A

To space (if molecule <6nm diameter):
H2O
Glucose
Vitamins
Amino acids
Very small plasma proteins
Urea
Ammonia
Ions

48
Q

what doesn’t pass from blood to capsular space and so stays in blood

A

Albumen (7.1nm)
Plasma proteins
Platelets
RBC & WB

49
Q

describe the Renal Tubule & Collecting Duct histology

A

Prominent brush border of microvilli in proximal convoluted tubule cells, to
increase surface area for reabsorption & secretion

in a microscopic image:
- the proximal convoluted tubule, does not have a clear centre due to presence of microvilli. Whereas distal convoluted tubule has no microvilli and so can see a clear, white centre of the tubule.
- Black dots: = renal corpuscle
- Blue & white dots = distal convoluted tubule
- Red & yellow dots = proximal convoluted tubule.

50
Q

explain the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA)

A

In each nephron, final portion of ascending limb (columnar & crowded = macula densa) makes intimate contact with afferent arteriole (modified SMC = juxtaglomerular cells) serving that renal corpuscle

Together called JGA

Secretes renin (JG cells) (regulates BP within kidneys)

51
Q

the Last portion of distal collecting duct has what 2 cells types

A

principal cells
intercalated cells

52
Q

explain the Last portion of distal collecting ducts principal cells

A

most of the cells are these

theyre Receptors for ADH & aldosterone

53
Q

explain the Last portion of distal collecting ducts intercalated cells

A

fewer of the cells are these

theyre Apical microvilli & many mitochondria

Play role in haemostasis of blood pH

54
Q

Drain to large papillary ducts
are lines by what cells

A

simple columnar epithelial cells.

human anatomy and physiology (52 decks)

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