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human anatomy and physiology > organisation of the human body > Flashcards

organisation of the human body Flashcards

1
Q

define anatomy

A

the science of structure and the relationships among structures

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2
Q

define physiology

A

the science of body functions, that is determined by the anatomy,

how the body parts function, and emphasise that the structure of a part determines how it will function

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3
Q

what are the names of the different levels of organisation

A

chemical level- atoms and molecules

cellular level - cells with organelles (basic units of life)

Tissue : groups of cells & surrounding matrix
- 4 basic types: epithelial, connective (blood is connective tissue) (offer support), muscular, nervous.

Organ: groups of tissues (usually different tissue types) performing a common function.

System: group of organs with a common function.

Organismal: combines all systems of the body

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4
Q

what is the chemical level of organisation

A

it includes atoms, the smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions, and molecules, 2 or more atoms joined together

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5
Q

what combine to form the cellular level of organisation

A

molecules combine to form this level.

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6
Q

explain cells use

A

basic structural and functional units of an organism, and the smallest living units in the human body

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7
Q

what represents the tissue level of organisation

A

groups of cells and the material surrounding them., as work together to perform a particular function therefore representing this level of organisation

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8
Q

what are the 4 different tissue types that represent the tissue level of organisation

A

epithelial
connective
muscular
nervous

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9
Q

how is the organ level of organisation formed

A

when different types of tissue join together
usually 2 or more diff tissues and have specific functions

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10
Q

what forms the system level of organisation

A

when related organs that have common function group together

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11
Q

what is the largest level of organisation

A

organismal level

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12
Q

what does the organismal level of organisation include and form

A

includes all systems of the body that combine to form the organism

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13
Q

why does the bodys systems work together

and ex of how

A

to maintain health.
protect one from disease.
and allow species reproduction

ex:
the integumentary system protects all systems by serving as a barrier between outside environment and internal tissues and organs

the cardiovascular system carries nutrients to and wastes away from the cells. as well as regulating acidity, temperature and water content of body fluids

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14
Q

what is metabolism

A

the sum of all chemical reactions in the body. it includes the breakdown of large complex molecules into smaller simpler ones and the building of bodys structural and functional components

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15
Q

what is responsiveness

A

bodys ability to detect and respond to changes in internal and external environment

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16
Q

what does movement include

A

motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, or tiny organelles inside within cells

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17
Q

what does growth refer to

A

increase in body size due to an increase in size of existing cells, and number of cells, or the amount of material surrounding cells

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18
Q

what is differentiation

A

the process whereby unspecialised cells become specialised cells

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19
Q

what does reproduction refer to

A

the formation of new cells for growth, repair, or replacement, or the production of a new individual

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20
Q

what does homeostasis ensure to the bodys internal environment

A

that it stays steady despite changes inside and outside the body

all body systems attempt to maintain homeostasis

(maintaining limits)

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21
Q

how is homeostasis controlled

A

by nervous system and endocrine system

22
Q

whats the name for disruptors causing change in homeostasis controlled condition called

A

stimulus

23
Q

what is homeostasis maintained by
and what are the components of these

A

feedback mechanisms

the components of a feedback system are: control centre, receptor, and an effector

24
Q

explain a negative feedback system

A

reverses a change in a controlled condition in order to maintain homeostasis
most feedback systems in body are negative

25
Q

explain a positive feedback system

A

strengthens a change in the controlled condition. if positive feedback should occur, its results are usually destructive or deadly. however a few are beneficial such as contractions in childbirth, ovulation and blood clotting

26
Q

what is blood pressure definition

A

source of blood as it passes through the vessels. to sustain life it must be maintained at an appropriate pressure

27
Q

what does blood pressure depend on

A

rate and strength of the heartbeat
if faster heartbeat then more blood pushed into arteries and elevates pressure

28
Q

how is increased blood pressure detected

A

by baroreceptors, pressure-sensitive nerve cells located in walls of certain blood vessels. these respond by sending impulse to brain. the brain responds by sending nerve impulse to heart and certain blood vessels to slow rate so decrease pressure.

this cycle is called feedback system

29
Q

what does the feedback system involve

A

a cycle of events in which the info about body conditions is continually monitored and fed back to a central control region

30
Q

explain aging process in terms of homeostasis

A

aging is normal process characterized by a progressive decline in body’s ability to restore homeostasis

the changes associated with aging are apparent in all body systems

31
Q

directional terms are always given in regard to the body in what position

A

anatomical position

32
Q

what happens in anatomical position

A

the subject stands erect facing the observer, with head level and eyes forward, feet are flat on floor and forward. and arms are at sides with palms forward

33
Q

what are directional terms used for

A

describing position if one body part to another

and give ex

34
Q

what are body planes or sections

A

imaginary flat surfaces that pass through body parts

The SAGITTAL PLANE is a vertical plane that divides the body or an organ into right and left sides.

If the right and left sides are equal in size, it is called a MIDSAGITTAL plane and runs through the midline of the body or organs.

If the body or organ is divided into unequal right and left sides, the plane is called a PARASAGITTAL plane.

The FRONTAL (CORONAL) PLANE divides the body or organ into anterior and posterior portions.

The TRANSVERSE plane divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions.

35
Q

what are body cavities

and give ex

A

spaces within the body that contain, protect, separate and support internal organs

The CRANIAL CAVITY is formed by the cranial (skull) bones and contains the brain,

and the VERTEBRAL (SPINAL) CANAL is formed by the bones of the vertebral column and contains the spinal cord.

The THORACIC CAVITY is the chest cavity, which contains the heart, lungs, associated blood vessels, and respiratory organs, and the

ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY extends from the diaphragm to the groin

36
Q

what are the names of the 9 abdominopelvic regions

A

epigastric,
right hypochondriac,
left hypochondriac, umbilical,
right lumbar,
left lumbar,
hypogastric,
right iliac,
and left iliac

37
Q

what are the 4 quadrants of the abdominopelvic cavity

A

the right upper quadrant (RUQ),

the left upper quadrant (LUQ),

right lower quadrant (RLQ),

and the left lower quadrant (LLQ).

38
Q

list the life processes

A

Metabolism
Responsiveness
Movement
Growth
Differentiation
Reproduction

39
Q

how do body systems work together and give an ex

A

Systems work together to maintain health, protect from disease and allow for reproduction.

e.g., the cardiovascular system carries nutrients to and wastes away from cells.
It also regulates the acidity, temperature and water content of the body fluids.

40
Q

define homeostasis

A

Maintaining a stable internal environment

41
Q

explain homeostasis

A

Dynamic process.

Maintained by feedback systems.

Involves adjusting the value of a physiological variable.

Must be measured and then changed toward some goal.

42
Q

name and explain the system components

A

Controlled variable e.g., blood pressure

Receptor
measures variable value

Control Centre
evaluates input from receptor and sends output to the effector

Effector
System that changes the value of the controlled variable as determined by the control center. – to attempt to take controlled variable back to normal level to maintain homeostasis

43
Q

explain homeostasis negative feedback system

A

Reverses a change in the controlled variable, bringing it back to “normal”

This is the process that maintains homeostasis
e.g., blood sugar levels, blood pressure,
body temperature

If this process is insufficient then medication may be needed to assist it

44
Q

why do we feel faint when blood loss of blood donation

A

as more energy is going to heart to help it pump harder

45
Q

explain homeostasis positive feedback control

A

This process strengthens a change.

These are rare but important

Must be shut down by an outside force as otherwise can be fatal
e.g., childbirth, ovulation, blood clotting

46
Q

explain aging in terms of homeostasis and give example

A

Normal process that includes a progressive loss in the ability to maintain homeostasis

e.g., temperature control - often elderly people suffer from hypothermia because their body does not respond to the cold stimulus

47
Q

whats the definition of disorder

A

abnormality of structure/function – such as a valve in the heart that’s not formed properly

48
Q

whats the definition of disease

A

specific illness determined by signs & symptoms

49
Q

whats the definition of symptoms

A

subjective (belong to the subject) changes not observable from outside – such as feeling dizzy or sick feeling

50
Q

what is the definition of signs

A

measurable observable changes – such as vomiting

human anatomy and physiology (52 decks)

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