organisation of the human body Flashcards
define anatomy
the science of structure and the relationships among structures
define physiology
the science of body functions, that is determined by the anatomy,
how the body parts function, and emphasise that the structure of a part determines how it will function
what are the names of the different levels of organisation
chemical level- atoms and molecules
cellular level - cells with organelles (basic units of life)
Tissue : groups of cells & surrounding matrix
- 4 basic types: epithelial, connective (blood is connective tissue) (offer support), muscular, nervous.
Organ: groups of tissues (usually different tissue types) performing a common function.
System: group of organs with a common function.
Organismal: combines all systems of the body
what is the chemical level of organisation
it includes atoms, the smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions, and molecules, 2 or more atoms joined together
what combine to form the cellular level of organisation
molecules combine to form this level.
explain cells use
basic structural and functional units of an organism, and the smallest living units in the human body
what represents the tissue level of organisation
groups of cells and the material surrounding them., as work together to perform a particular function therefore representing this level of organisation
what are the 4 different tissue types that represent the tissue level of organisation
epithelial
connective
muscular
nervous
how is the organ level of organisation formed
when different types of tissue join together
usually 2 or more diff tissues and have specific functions
what forms the system level of organisation
when related organs that have common function group together
what is the largest level of organisation
organismal level
what does the organismal level of organisation include and form
includes all systems of the body that combine to form the organism
why does the bodys systems work together
and ex of how
to maintain health.
protect one from disease.
and allow species reproduction
ex:
the integumentary system protects all systems by serving as a barrier between outside environment and internal tissues and organs
the cardiovascular system carries nutrients to and wastes away from the cells. as well as regulating acidity, temperature and water content of body fluids
what is metabolism
the sum of all chemical reactions in the body. it includes the breakdown of large complex molecules into smaller simpler ones and the building of bodys structural and functional components
what is responsiveness
bodys ability to detect and respond to changes in internal and external environment
what does movement include
motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, or tiny organelles inside within cells
what does growth refer to
increase in body size due to an increase in size of existing cells, and number of cells, or the amount of material surrounding cells
what is differentiation
the process whereby unspecialised cells become specialised cells
what does reproduction refer to
the formation of new cells for growth, repair, or replacement, or the production of a new individual
what does homeostasis ensure to the bodys internal environment
that it stays steady despite changes inside and outside the body
all body systems attempt to maintain homeostasis
(maintaining limits)
how is homeostasis controlled
by nervous system and endocrine system
whats the name for disruptors causing change in homeostasis controlled condition called
stimulus
what is homeostasis maintained by
and what are the components of these
feedback mechanisms
the components of a feedback system are: control centre, receptor, and an effector
explain a negative feedback system
reverses a change in a controlled condition in order to maintain homeostasis
most feedback systems in body are negative
explain a positive feedback system
strengthens a change in the controlled condition. if positive feedback should occur, its results are usually destructive or deadly. however a few are beneficial such as contractions in childbirth, ovulation and blood clotting
what is blood pressure definition
source of blood as it passes through the vessels. to sustain life it must be maintained at an appropriate pressure
what does blood pressure depend on
rate and strength of the heartbeat
if faster heartbeat then more blood pushed into arteries and elevates pressure
how is increased blood pressure detected
by baroreceptors, pressure-sensitive nerve cells located in walls of certain blood vessels. these respond by sending impulse to brain. the brain responds by sending nerve impulse to heart and certain blood vessels to slow rate so decrease pressure.
this cycle is called feedback system
what does the feedback system involve
a cycle of events in which the info about body conditions is continually monitored and fed back to a central control region
explain aging process in terms of homeostasis
aging is normal process characterized by a progressive decline in body’s ability to restore homeostasis
the changes associated with aging are apparent in all body systems
directional terms are always given in regard to the body in what position
anatomical position
what happens in anatomical position
the subject stands erect facing the observer, with head level and eyes forward, feet are flat on floor and forward. and arms are at sides with palms forward
what are directional terms used for
describing position if one body part to another
and give ex
what are body planes or sections
imaginary flat surfaces that pass through body parts
The SAGITTAL PLANE is a vertical plane that divides the body or an organ into right and left sides.
If the right and left sides are equal in size, it is called a MIDSAGITTAL plane and runs through the midline of the body or organs.
If the body or organ is divided into unequal right and left sides, the plane is called a PARASAGITTAL plane.
The FRONTAL (CORONAL) PLANE divides the body or organ into anterior and posterior portions.
The TRANSVERSE plane divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions.
what are body cavities
and give ex
spaces within the body that contain, protect, separate and support internal organs
The CRANIAL CAVITY is formed by the cranial (skull) bones and contains the brain,
and the VERTEBRAL (SPINAL) CANAL is formed by the bones of the vertebral column and contains the spinal cord.
The THORACIC CAVITY is the chest cavity, which contains the heart, lungs, associated blood vessels, and respiratory organs, and the
ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY extends from the diaphragm to the groin
what are the names of the 9 abdominopelvic regions
epigastric,
right hypochondriac,
left hypochondriac, umbilical,
right lumbar,
left lumbar,
hypogastric,
right iliac,
and left iliac
what are the 4 quadrants of the abdominopelvic cavity
the right upper quadrant (RUQ),
the left upper quadrant (LUQ),
right lower quadrant (RLQ),
and the left lower quadrant (LLQ).
list the life processes
Metabolism
Responsiveness
Movement
Growth
Differentiation
Reproduction
how do body systems work together and give an ex
Systems work together to maintain health, protect from disease and allow for reproduction.
e.g., the cardiovascular system carries nutrients to and wastes away from cells.
It also regulates the acidity, temperature and water content of the body fluids.
define homeostasis
Maintaining a stable internal environment
explain homeostasis
Dynamic process.
Maintained by feedback systems.
Involves adjusting the value of a physiological variable.
Must be measured and then changed toward some goal.
name and explain the system components
Controlled variable e.g., blood pressure
Receptor
measures variable value
Control Centre
evaluates input from receptor and sends output to the effector
Effector
System that changes the value of the controlled variable as determined by the control center. – to attempt to take controlled variable back to normal level to maintain homeostasis
explain homeostasis negative feedback system
Reverses a change in the controlled variable, bringing it back to “normal”
This is the process that maintains homeostasis
e.g., blood sugar levels, blood pressure,
body temperature
If this process is insufficient then medication may be needed to assist it
why do we feel faint when blood loss of blood donation
as more energy is going to heart to help it pump harder
explain homeostasis positive feedback control
This process strengthens a change.
These are rare but important
Must be shut down by an outside force as otherwise can be fatal
e.g., childbirth, ovulation, blood clotting
explain aging in terms of homeostasis and give example
Normal process that includes a progressive loss in the ability to maintain homeostasis
e.g., temperature control - often elderly people suffer from hypothermia because their body does not respond to the cold stimulus
whats the definition of disorder
abnormality of structure/function – such as a valve in the heart that’s not formed properly
whats the definition of disease
specific illness determined by signs & symptoms
whats the definition of symptoms
subjective (belong to the subject) changes not observable from outside – such as feeling dizzy or sick feeling
what is the definition of signs
measurable observable changes – such as vomiting
