homeostatic imbalances of the skin

Question 1

skin cancer is induced by what

Answer 1

the ultraviolet rays of the sun

Question 2

skin cancer is most common in what people

Answer 2

in fair skinned and elderly. As elderly have thinning of epidermis and dermis, so loose immune cells

Question 3

how common and treatable is skin cancer

Answer 3

one of the most common cancers but also easiest to treat

Question 4

whats the survival rate of skin cancer

Answer 4

highest survival rate when treated early

Question 5

do skin cancers spread

Answer 5

Most skin tumors are benign (doesn’t spread to other sites) and do not metastasize

Question 6

Skin cancers form because of what

Answer 6

an interplay between genes and environment.

• Crucial risk factor for non melanoma skin cancers is disabling of the p53(tumour supressing gene) gene

Question 7

what are some of the leading causes of skin cancer

Answer 7

Environment, exposure to the sun, appears to be the leading cause of skin cancer. It’s the Reason skin cancers commonly develop on the face, neck and arms. Cancers of the skin are more common in the sunny areas of the world.

• Ex: Australia – Hugh Jackman (5th skin cancer removed in 2yrs) this has increased 2017

Skin cancer also tends to be genetic (hereditary) and occurs very frequently in certain ethnic groups, especially those with fair complexions, such as Northern Italians and Celts, especially the Irish.

Question 8

what causes skin cancer

Answer 8

x-rays,

trauma

certain chemicals.

• For example, dentists frequently develop skin cancer on their hands from working with X-rays.
  In the past hairdressers developed skin cancer from hair dyes.

Question 9

name the 3 types of skin cancer

Answer 9

BASAL CELL CARCINOMA

SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA

MALIGNANT(moves) MELANOMA (most serious

Question 10

explain BASAL CELL CARCINOMA

Answer 10

most common

least dangerous

seldom metastasizes (moves)

arises from the cells of the stratum basale (bottom layer of epidermis) and eventually invades the dermis

lesion appears as a small shiny bump that develops a central depression and a beaded pearly edge

usually occur on the face

treated by surgical removal and radiation therapy

Question 11

how common and movable is basal cell carcinoma

Answer 11

the least malignant and the most common skin cancer.

Question 12

explain SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA

Answer 12

arises from the keratinocytes of the stratus spinosum

lesions usually appear on the scalp, ears, lower lip or back of the hand

have a raised, reddened, scaly appearance, later forming a concave ulcer with raised edges

chance of recovery is good with early detection and surgical removal

if neglected this cancer tends to metastasize to the lymph nodes and can be lethal.

Question 13

explain growth and movement of squamous cell carcinoma

Answer 13

grow rapidly and metastasize if not removed

Question 14

explain MALIGNANT MELANOMA

Answer 14

accounts for 5% of cases

the most deadly skin cancer

arises from melanocytes of a preexisting mole

metastasizes quickly and is fatal if not treated immediately

risk is greatest in people who experience severe sun burns

if a mole becomes malignant it forms a large, flat, spreading lesion with a scalloped edge.

The “ABCD” rule for recognising melanoma is A for asymmetry, B for border irregularity, C for colour (particulary black, blue or red) and D for diameter (greater than 6mm).

Question 15

whats the ABCD rule for recognising melanoma

Answer 15

A for asymmetry,

B for border irregularity,

C for colour (particulary black, blue or red)

and D for diameter (greater than 6mm)

Question 16

how dangerous and moving is malignant melanoma

Answer 16

most dangerous of the skin cancers because it is highly metastatic and resistant to chemotherapy.

Question 17

explain treatment of skin cancers

Answer 17

Treatment for skin cancer usually involves some type of surgery. In some cases, doctors suggest radiation therapy or chemotherapy. Sometimes a combination of these methods is used.

Radiation and chemotherapy both come with hazards

Question 18

name some treatments of skin cancer

Answer 18

surgery
laser therapy
grafting
clinical trials

Question 19

explain surgery as a skin cancer treatment

Answer 19

Many skin cancers can be cut from the skin quickly and easily. In fact, the cancer is sometimes completely removed at the time of the biopsy, and no further treatment is needed.

Question 20

explain laser therapy as a skin cancer treatment

Answer 20

Laser therapy uses a narrow beam of light to remove or destroy cancer cells. This approach is sometimes used for cancers that involve only the outer layer of skin.

Question 21

explain grafting as a skin cancer treatment

Answer 21

Sometimes, especially when a large cancer is removed, a skin graft is needed to close the wound and reduce the amount of scarring. For this procedure, the doctor takes a piece of healthy skin from another part of the body (most likely from buttocks) to replace the skin that was removed.

Question 22

explain clinical trials as a skin cancer treatment

Answer 22

In clinical trials (research studies with cancer patients), doctors are studying new treatments for skin cancer.

For example, they are exploring photodynamic therapy, a treatment that destroys cancer cells with a combination of laser light and drugs that make the cells sensitive to light.

Biological therapy (also called immunotherapy) is a form of treatment to improve the body’s natural ability to fight cancer. Interferon and tumour necrosis factor are types of biological therapy under study for skin cancer.

Question 23

what are burns

Answer 23

A burn is tissue damage inflicted by intense heat, electricity, radiation, or certain chemicals, all of which denature cell proteins and cause cell death to infected areas.

Question 24

how dangerous are burns

Answer 24

leading cause of accidental death.

burn deaths result primarily from the breaking of the first layer of the skin, as there’s fluid loss, infection and the toxic effects of ESCHAR, to the burned tissue .

Question 25

what is The most immediate threat to a burn patient

Answer 25

dehydration and electrolyte imbalance due to fluid loss.

Question 26

After the first 24 hours has passed, the threat to a burn patient becomes what

Answer 26

infection to the wound site. So important theyre treated quickly

Question 27

Burns are classified according to what

Answer 27

the depth of tissue involvement.

Question 28

explain first degree burns

Answer 28

Involve only the epidermis.

Are marked by redness, slight oedema and pain.

They heal in a few days and seldom leave scars.

Most sunburns are first-degree burns

Question 29

fist degree burns involve damage to what

Answer 29

damage only to the epidermis.

Question 30

explain second degree burns

Answer 30

involve the epidermis and part of the dermis but leave some of the dermis intact.

may be red, tan or white and is blistered and very painful.

may take from 2 weeks to several months to heal and may leave scars.

the epidermis regenerates by division of epithelial cells in the hair follicles and sweat glands and those around the edges of the lesion

some sunburns and many scalds are second ­degree burns.

Question 31

Second-degree burns injure what

Answer 31

the epidermis and the upper region of the dermis.

Question 32

explain THIRD-DEGREE BURNS OR FULL THICKNESS BURNS

Answer 32

the epidermis, dermis, and often some deeper tissues are completely destroyed.

since no dermis remains, the skin can regenerate only from the edges of the wound.

these burns often require skin grafts

left to heal by itself a third-degree burn will result in contracture (abnormal connective tissue fibrosis) and severe disfigurement.

Question 33

Third-degree burns damage involves what

Answer 33

the entire thickness of the skin.

Question 34

explain the Developmental Aspects of the Integumentary System

Answer 34

The epidermis develops from the embryonic ectoderm, and the dermis and the hypodermis develop from the mesoderm.

By the end of the fourth month of development the skin is fairly well formed.

During infancy and childhood, the skin thickens and more subcutaneous fat is deposited.

During adolescence, the skin and hair become oilier as sebaceous glands are activated.

As old age approaches, the rate of epidermal cell replacement slows and the skin thins, becoming more prone to bruising and other types of injuries.

Question 35

explain the Effects of Ageing on the Integumentary System

Answer 35

as the body ages , blood flow to the skin is reduced

skin becomes thinner - increased bruising a sblood vessels closer to outside skin

loss of subcutaneous fat - elderly feel cold

loss of elasticity- wrinkling. The sun and sunbeds can increase this elasticity loss

sweat and sebaceous glands are less active or undergo atrophy (thinning) - drying of skin

number of melanocytes decreases – greying of skin

number of Langerhans cells decreases - decreased immunity