respiration regulation and dysregulation Flashcards
regulation of respiration can vary in what 2 things
depth and rate of respiration
the regulation of respiration is under control of what
the brains respiratory centre
what 2 areas of the brain stem is the brains respiratory centre located
Pons
Medulla Oblongata
name the 2 areas of the pons respiratory centre
Pneumotaxic area (more superior)
Apneustic area (more inferior)
name the 2 areas of the medulla oblongata respiratory centre
inspiratory area (more inferior)
expiratory area (more superior)
these are both medullary rythmicity areas
what does the Medullary Rhythmicity Area controll
basic rhythm
in the pons what do the Pneumotaxic area impulses do
inhibit inspiratory area to limit duration of inspiration
in pons what do the Apneustic area impulses do
stimulate inspiratory area to prolong inspiration
in the medulla oblongata describe the inspiratory area activity
autorhythmic neurons
the respiratory rhythm can be modified by what
by input from other brain regions & receptors in the peripheral NS
gives some EX of input from other brain regions & receptors in the peripheral NS that can modify respiratory rhythm
can increase and decrease rate: higher centres of the brain (voluntary control of breathing)
can increase and decrease rate: emotional stimuli acting through the limbic system
can increase rate: peripheral chemoreceptors (lower o2, higher co2, lower ph
can increase rate: central chemoreceptors (higher co2, lower ph)
can decrease rate: hering-breuer reflex (stretch receptors in lungs)
can increase rate: proprioceptors in muscle and joints
can increase rate: receptors for touch, temp, and pain stimuli
explain asthma
constricted airways (wheezing)
which tend to close before exhalation complete
- reduction in vital capacity & expiratory reserve volume
describe the world wide prevalence of asthma
greatest in UK, america, alaska, australia, portugal,
explain Bronchiole in Asthma
difference in lumen diameter for air to flow
as mucus membrane is swollen and so narrower passage with excessive mucus secretion inside passage tube
explain cystic fibrosis
Inherited disease of secretory epithelium
Affects airways as well as liver, pancreas, small intestine & sweat glands
Thick mucus secretion blocks ducts
Leads to inflammation
Injured cells replaced with connective tissue
- Scar tissue
Further blockage
Eventual destruction of lung tissue
explain Bronchitis
causes inflamed bronchus with increased mucus and bacteria and viruses in this mucus
explain SIDS
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Sleeping infant suddenly stops breathing
Occurs <6months old
At a time when respiratory centres are establishing connections with other parts of brain
what is ‘The Bends’
decompression sickness
Breath air at high pressure as dive
Amount of gas dissolved in liquid increases
If suddenly rise to surface, sudden drop in pressure causes N2 to come out of solution
Forms bubbles ‘shaken soda can’
Damages tissues, block blood flow, painful
name treatment types for ‘the bends’
Monoplace Chamber
Multiplace Chamber
Why do smokers have lowered respiratory efficiency?
Nicotine constricts terminal bronchioles
- reduced airflow
CO in smoke binds to Hb
- less O2 carried
Irritants in smoke increase mucus secretion & swelling of mucosal lining
- impede airflow
Irritants destroy cilia
- excess mucus & debris not removed
Destruction of elastic fibres causes emphysema
- collapse of small bronchioles & trapping air in alveoli, so gas exchange less efficient
what is Emphysema
enlargement of alveoli as elastic fibres destroyed, to form large air cysts)
what does lung carcer look like in lungs
its a white areas often at top with a black area below from smoke damage in smokers
