respiration regulation and dysregulation

Question 1

regulation of respiration can vary in what 2 things

Answer 1

depth and rate of respiration

Question 2

the regulation of respiration is under control of what

Answer 2

the brains respiratory centre

Question 3

what 2 areas of the brain stem is the brains respiratory centre located

Answer 3

Pons

Medulla Oblongata

Question 4

name the 2 areas of the pons respiratory centre

Answer 4

Pneumotaxic area (more superior)

Apneustic area (more inferior)

Question 5

name the 2 areas of the medulla oblongata respiratory centre

Answer 5

inspiratory area (more inferior)

expiratory area (more superior)

these are both medullary rythmicity areas

Question 6

what does the Medullary Rhythmicity Area controll

Answer 6

basic rhythm

Question 7

in the pons what do the Pneumotaxic area impulses do

Answer 7

inhibit inspiratory area to limit duration of inspiration

Question 8

in pons what do the Apneustic area impulses do

Answer 8

stimulate inspiratory area to prolong inspiration

Question 9

in the medulla oblongata describe the inspiratory area activity

Answer 9

autorhythmic neurons

Question 10

the respiratory rhythm can be modified by what

Answer 10

by input from other brain regions & receptors in the peripheral NS

Question 11

gives some EX of input from other brain regions & receptors in the peripheral NS that can modify respiratory rhythm

Answer 11

can increase and decrease rate: higher centres of the brain (voluntary control of breathing)

can increase and decrease rate: emotional stimuli acting through the limbic system

can increase rate: peripheral chemoreceptors (lower o2, higher co2, lower ph

can increase rate: central chemoreceptors (higher co2, lower ph)

can decrease rate: hering-breuer reflex (stretch receptors in lungs)

can increase rate: proprioceptors in muscle and joints

can increase rate: receptors for touch, temp, and pain stimuli

Question 12

explain asthma

Answer 12

constricted airways (wheezing)

which tend to close before exhalation complete
- reduction in vital capacity & expiratory reserve volume

Question 13

describe the world wide prevalence of asthma

Answer 13

greatest in UK, america, alaska, australia, portugal,

Question 14

explain Bronchiole in Asthma

Answer 14

difference in lumen diameter for air to flow

as mucus membrane is swollen and so narrower passage with excessive mucus secretion inside passage tube

Question 15

explain cystic fibrosis

Answer 15

Inherited disease of secretory epithelium

Affects airways as well as liver, pancreas, small intestine & sweat glands

Thick mucus secretion blocks ducts

Leads to inflammation

Injured cells replaced with connective tissue
- Scar tissue

Further blockage

Eventual destruction of lung tissue

Question 16

explain Bronchitis

Answer 16

causes inflamed bronchus with increased mucus and bacteria and viruses in this mucus

Question 17

explain SIDS

Answer 17

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

Sleeping infant suddenly stops breathing

Occurs <6months old

At a time when respiratory centres are establishing connections with other parts of brain

Question 18

what is ‘The Bends’

Answer 18

decompression sickness

Breath air at high pressure as dive

Amount of gas dissolved in liquid increases

If suddenly rise to surface, sudden drop in pressure causes N2 to come out of solution

Forms bubbles ‘shaken soda can’

Damages tissues, block blood flow, painful

Question 19

name treatment types for ‘the bends’

Answer 19

Monoplace Chamber
Multiplace Chamber

Question 20

Why do smokers have lowered respiratory efficiency?

Answer 20

Nicotine constricts terminal bronchioles
- reduced airflow

CO in smoke binds to Hb
- less O2 carried

Irritants in smoke increase mucus secretion & swelling of mucosal lining
- impede airflow

Irritants destroy cilia
- excess mucus & debris not removed

Destruction of elastic fibres causes emphysema
- collapse of small bronchioles & trapping air in alveoli, so gas exchange less efficient

Question 21

what is Emphysema

Answer 21

enlargement of alveoli as elastic fibres destroyed, to form large air cysts)

Question 22

what does lung carcer look like in lungs

Answer 22

its a white areas often at top with a black area below from smoke damage in smokers