connective tissue

Question 1

connective tissue is the most _____ tissue type

Answer 1

abundant

Question 2

connective tissue is made up of what

Answer 2

of small cells far apart from each other

primarily fibrous tissue which vary only in density and cellularity

Question 3

connective tissue has a large amount of what

Answer 3

extracellular material (matrix)

Question 4

explain blood supply in terms of connective tissue

Answer 4

Often has a good blood supply (but not all types do)
can be Found between other tissues

Question 5

how can connective tissue be classified

Answer 5

using their matrix characteristics

Question 6

name the connective tissue cell types

Answer 6

fibroblasts
microphages
plasma cells
mast cells
adipocytes

Question 7

describe fibroblasts

Answer 7

(Principe active cell of tissue) - present in several tissues
Secretory function and lays critical role in wound healing

Question 8

describe macrophages

Answer 8

(type of white blood cell so belong to immune system)- from monocytes
Engulf bacteria & cell debris by phagocytosis

Question 9

describe plasma cells

Answer 9

develop from B lymphocytes so also called plasma B cells
Make antibodies

Question 10

describe mast cells

Answer 10

(migrant cell type)- near blood vessels
part of reaction to injury – release histamine/ inflammatory substances

Question 11

describe adipocytes

Answer 11

• fat cells or adipose cells
  Store triglycerides (fat)

Question 12

explain the extracellular matrix

Answer 12

3D network of extracellular molecules

Important to structure and biochemical support to surrounding cells

Fluid, gel or solid plus protein fibres are contained within the substance

Ground substance - between cells and fibres

Question 13

name and describe the 3 fibre types

Answer 13

Collagen fibers:
very strong & flexible

Elastic fibers:
smaller stretch and return to original length

Reticular (form a mesh) fibers:
provide support & strength by sitting along side other cell types and support and nourish them
- found in basement membranes to provide organ support

Question 14

where are Loose Connective Tissue found

Answer 14

most common type of connective tissue in all vertebrates

Question 15

name and explain the 3 loose connective tissues

Answer 15

Areolar:
cells embedded in a matrix of glycoproteins and elastin and collagen fibers

Adipose:
cells filled with fat droplets

Reticular:
mesh of reticulin fibers

Question 16

what do loose connective tissues do

Answer 16

Holds organs together and needed for attachment of epithelial tissues to other underlying tissues

Question 17

describe subcutaneous areolar connective tissue structure

Answer 17

subcutaneous = the base layer of skin deep under

No real organised structure to them, its very loose and open

Cells are quite far apart

This would be found in the skin layers

Question 18

describe adipose tissue structure

Answer 18

Large gaps between the cells where the fat is stored

Very small sit of cytoplasm which is around outside of cell with appearance of a flattened non centre nuclei. So very distinctive characteristic of adipose tissue

Mas of cell is devoted to its function of storing adipose

Question 19

describe structure of reticular connective tissue

Answer 19

Reticular fibres form a soft skeleton or a stroma that has supporting role. Often found in lymph node, stromal cells, bone marrow, and spleen , and around the kidney

Adipose tissue is also held together by reticular fibre

Tissue type that never exists alone

The fibres are made up of collagen and glycoproteins

Has thin and branching appearance

Question 20

explain dense connective tissue

Answer 20

type of connective tissue that has fibers as primary matrix element. Mainly composed of type one collagen. They form strong rope like structures, so tissues like tendons and ligaments contain high amounts of dense connective tissue

Dense connective tissues also make up lower parts of the skin (dermal layer)

Dense connective tissue is arranged with high levels of organisation where sheets of tissue are laid down for strength .
Or arrangement may be more irregular in its appearance

Question 21

what do tendons attach

Answer 21

skeletal muscle to tissue

Question 22

what do ligaments connect

Answer 22

bones to bones at the joints.

They’re more stretchy and contain more elastic fibres than tendons

Question 23

whats the Classification groups of Dense Connective Tissue

Answer 23

Dense regular
Dense irregular
Elastic

Question 24

describe dense regular structure

Answer 24

Provides connection
Ex muscle to muscle

Collagen tissues in dense connective tissue and bundled in a parallel fashion

Shows fibre composition

Fibroblasts are the fibre forming cells, responsible for production of the collagen fibres seen in dense regular connective tissue

Question 25

describe dense irregular connective tissue structure

Answer 25

Has fibres not arranged in same way a regular dense connective tissue
It has collagen fibres but less ground substance than ,loose connective tissue

Its more flexible than regular dense connective tissue

Found in dermis tissue

Collagen fibres are sparsely scattered throughout extracellular matrix, compared to the dense regular connective tissue

Question 26

describe elastic connective tissue structure

Answer 26

Springy material in its behaviour

Large amounts found in organs and tissues that need to stretch such as arteries and lungs helping maintain the integrity of the tissue

Also found in areas needing cushioning such as areas of tissues supporting spine

elastic fibres are bundles of this protein elastin found in extracellular matrix of tissues of these type

Fibroblasts are sparsely distributed again here

Smooth muscle cells are capable of producing elastic proteins as well

Question 27

explain cartilage

Answer 27

Resilient, smooth and elastic tissue

Forms a rubber like material so important for padding and protecting parts of body that have to withstand stress and strain – such as ends of long bones and joints

Not as hard or ridged as bone but is stiffer and less flexible than muscle
Dense network of collagen & elastic fibres embedded in chondroitin - sulphate substance – this characterizes cartilage

Stronger than dense fibrous

Cells = associated with cartilage are chondrocytes

Occur singly or in groups

Found in spaces called lacunae

Surrounded by perichondrium

No blood vessels or nerves

Question 28

what are the 3 classification groups of cartilage

Answer 28

hyaline

fibrocartilage

elastic

Question 29

what do the classification of cartilage relate to

Answer 29

presence of fibres

Question 30

explain hyaline cartilage

Answer 30

(glassy cartilage – as glassy appearance)- fibers not easily visible. Its found on surface of articular joints, so smooth nature. Appropriate in areas where theres required movement

Glassy appear as so few fibres

Question 31

explain chondrocytes in cartilage

Answer 31

= the main cells associated with hyaline cartilage responsible for producing cartilage. They sit in these lakes known as lacuna

Question 32

explain fibrocartilage

Answer 32

fibers visible. Strongest type of cartilage, so found in vertebral discs that cushion the vertebrate

Fibrocartilage is a truly transitional tissue characterised and some structural properties of both fibrous and cartilaginous tissue

Found in regions subject to tense and compressive to have ability to be compressible, but also strength

The cartilage provides a tough tier of intervertebral desks
Cartilages of many joints are made of fibrocartilage,

All tendons have this fibrocartilage

has Lots of collagen fibres

The bundles run linear through the tissue and are separated by cartilage matrix contained in the chondrocytes

Question 33

explain elastic cartilage

Answer 33

chondrocytes in threadlike network of elastic
e.g. outer ear cartilage

Its physiologically very similar to hyaline cartilage as fibres present are not particularly apparent but it does have elastic fibres and looks similar to hyaline cartilage

Question 34

explain bone connective tissue

Answer 34

Osseous (connective) Tissue

Dense matrix includes calcium & phosphorous salts (hydroxyapatite) – this provides additional strength to the tissue

Denser than other types of previous connective tissue

Question 35

name and describe the 2 types of liquid connective tissue

Answer 35

Blood:
matrix that the cells sit in is = plasma

Lymph:
matrix like blood but with less protein

Question 36

explain muscular tissue

Answer 36

typified by Large, elongated cells

Contractile cells – have ability to contract

Question 37

name and describe the 3 types of muscular tissue

Answer 37

Skeletal muscle tissue:
named for location. Attached to bones and for posture

Cardiac muscle tissue:
forms wall of heart

Smooth muscle tissue:
found in walls of hollow organs, such as in airways

Question 38

name and explain the 2 types of neural tissue

Answer 38

Nerve cells & Neuroglia (support/nurse cells)

Neurons:
convert stimuli into nerve impulses and conduct them

Neuroglia:
- do not generate nerve impulses.
- serve supportive function

Question 39

how well do tissues repair

Answer 39

Some tissues have a high capacity for regeneration and repair and others not so much

Question 40

what do new cells form

Answer 40

form stroma (supporting connective tissue) or parenchyma (cells from functioning part of tissue/organ) – what you get depends on origin of cell. Stroma produces replacement tissue with less functional ability, so more associated with scar tissue. Whereas parenchyma will produce something that is functional

Question 41

describe tissue repair in epithelial cells

Answer 41

originate from stem cells in defined areas of tissue layer. – so they renew themselves

Question 42

describe tissue repair in bone

Answer 42

regenerates readily, cartilage poorly – it doesn’t repair itself

Question 43

describe tissue repair in muscular tissue

Answer 43

can replace cells but slowly, long process

Question 44

describe tissue repair in nerve tissue

Answer 44

is poorest at replacement although some stem cells seem to be available.

Question 45

what does Replacement from stroma cause

Answer 45

scar tissue & functional loss.