sex + gender

Question 1

define sex

Answer 1

BIOLOGICAL categories of Male female. XX, XY - 20ary characteristics

Question 2

define gender

Answer 2

social categories of masculine, feminine. social expectations. SOCIAL. vary across time + culture

Question 3

3 health measures. define

Answer 3

mortality = death
morbidity = living w illness - related: prevalence, incidence
health care utilization: rate of use of HC

Question 4

Mortality trend btw sex

Answer 4

at every age, risk for mortality is higher among males than females

Question 5

life expectancy -define

Answer 5

average # of years to be lived by group of ppl born in same year.

Question 6

sex + gender diff in high income countries? low income countries? historical success?

Answer 6

high income: age gap btw is ~1/2 years. Female consistently higher life expectancy than men
low income: greater age gap: ~10 years.
historically, first time no life expectancy is below 50.

Question 7

what could contribute to women life expectancy increasing above men?
what now contributes to low life expectancy?

Answer 7

AIDS - prevalence decreasing bc treatment therefore ^ ife expect.
women more vulnerable to AIDS. now, what contributes to low life expectancy = war, corruption, poverty.

Question 8

income of country related life expectancy by gender + age gap.

Answer 8

greater income = greater life expectancy in both M+F. w higher income F increase life expect much more. good economy = good for women.

Question 9

gender gaps across countries

Answer 9

largest age/LE gap in central + eastern europe. women more respected? biologically healthier - live longer?

Question 10

smaller gender gap in LE in less developed countries?

Answer 10

• being female has little to no value. lack legal status; property of man; prohibited from bank, property.

Question 11

3 reasons why women are of low value in less developed coutnries

Answer 11

1. lack legal status: property of man, prohibited from money/bank. + cant own property.
2. son preference

Question 12

3 reasons why women are of low value in less developed coutnries

Answer 12

1. lack legal status: property of man, prohibited from money/bank. + cant own property.
2. son preference: sons bring in resources, daughter = loss of resource bc she goes to man’s family. son = given more resources when being raised..
3. lack power in relationships. polygamy; unsafe sex; rape and domestic violence. can’t refuse sex; widows don’t get choice in marrying, don’t get property after husband dies.

Question 13

cause-specific mortality : lung cancer. M vs W.
general

over time

Answer 13

incidence: M develop> W develop
mortality: M die > W die.

over time: W rate of death increased as norm for W to smoke grew. still behind men, but closer.

Question 14

morbidity in Canada

Answer 14

mood disorders; injuries; disability =W not always sicker

Question 15

morbidity: mood disorders

Answer 15

F more susceptible than M. thru age, prevalence increases and peaks at age 45-64, then decreases again.

Question 16

morbidity: injury

Answer 16

thru younger years M risk > F risk. more risky, occuption more likely to lead to injury.
BUT, at 80+ F no longer has protective E = biological risk for injury.

Question 17

morbidity: prevalence of disability by age

Answer 17

increase w age. consistently greater in F after age 25.

Question 18

trends in utilization of HC by age

ex: stay overnight by age

Answer 18

W = more visits to doc than M. more W have regular medical doc than M.
* W = child-bearers. need check-ups more frequently, ensure pregnancy is going ok.
W consistently higher in # of stays in hospital overnight. CHILD-BEARERS

Question 19

2 risks in gender differences

Answer 19

1. biological

2. acquired

Question 20

biological risk in gender difference?

Answer 20

differential vulnerability - hormones (protective, without = no pretection). AIDS (sex act = women have more tissue exposure + simply more likely to get HIV). pregnancy + childbirth (some countries dont have access to food + nutrients to contribute to safe pregnancy. no knowledge on dealing w maternal issues.)

Question 21

acquired risk of gender diff in health?

– alcohol?

Answer 21

social norms that regulate behaviour: men = more risky, more violent, more physical = higher risk of injury.
– alcohol: higher alcohol consumption = higher gender gap. men life expect < w life expect. . but changing patterns = more W drinking. gender gap may close. also, biological increase susceptibility to effect of alochol for women = potentially more deaths. + opioid crisis = overall LE decline.