sex + gender Flashcards
define sex
BIOLOGICAL categories of Male female. XX, XY - 20ary characteristics
define gender
social categories of masculine, feminine. social expectations. SOCIAL. vary across time + culture
3 health measures. define
mortality = death
morbidity = living w illness - related: prevalence, incidence
health care utilization: rate of use of HC
Mortality trend btw sex
at every age, risk for mortality is higher among males than females
life expectancy -define
average # of years to be lived by group of ppl born in same year.
sex + gender diff in high income countries? low income countries? historical success?
high income: age gap btw is ~1/2 years. Female consistently higher life expectancy than men
low income: greater age gap: ~10 years.
historically, first time no life expectancy is below 50.
what could contribute to women life expectancy increasing above men?
what now contributes to low life expectancy?
AIDS - prevalence decreasing bc treatment therefore ^ ife expect.
women more vulnerable to AIDS. now, what contributes to low life expectancy = war, corruption, poverty.
income of country related life expectancy by gender + age gap.
greater income = greater life expectancy in both M+F. w higher income F increase life expect much more. good economy = good for women.
gender gaps across countries
largest age/LE gap in central + eastern europe. women more respected? biologically healthier - live longer?
smaller gender gap in LE in less developed countries?
- being female has little to no value. lack legal status; property of man; prohibited from bank, property.
3 reasons why women are of low value in less developed coutnries
- lack legal status: property of man, prohibited from money/bank. + cant own property.
- son preference
3 reasons why women are of low value in less developed coutnries
- lack legal status: property of man, prohibited from money/bank. + cant own property.
- son preference: sons bring in resources, daughter = loss of resource bc she goes to man’s family. son = given more resources when being raised..
- lack power in relationships. polygamy; unsafe sex; rape and domestic violence. can’t refuse sex; widows don’t get choice in marrying, don’t get property after husband dies.
cause-specific mortality : lung cancer. M vs W.
general
over time
incidence: M develop> W develop
mortality: M die > W die.
over time: W rate of death increased as norm for W to smoke grew. still behind men, but closer.
morbidity in Canada
mood disorders; injuries; disability =W not always sicker
morbidity: mood disorders
F more susceptible than M. thru age, prevalence increases and peaks at age 45-64, then decreases again.
morbidity: injury
thru younger years M risk > F risk. more risky, occuption more likely to lead to injury.
BUT, at 80+ F no longer has protective E = biological risk for injury.
morbidity: prevalence of disability by age
increase w age. consistently greater in F after age 25.
trends in utilization of HC by age
ex: stay overnight by age
W = more visits to doc than M. more W have regular medical doc than M.
* W = child-bearers. need check-ups more frequently, ensure pregnancy is going ok.
W consistently higher in # of stays in hospital overnight. CHILD-BEARERS
2 risks in gender differences
- biological
2. acquired
biological risk in gender difference?
differential vulnerability - hormones (protective, without = no pretection). AIDS (sex act = women have more tissue exposure + simply more likely to get HIV). pregnancy + childbirth (some countries dont have access to food + nutrients to contribute to safe pregnancy. no knowledge on dealing w maternal issues.)
acquired risk of gender diff in health?
– alcohol?
social norms that regulate behaviour: men = more risky, more violent, more physical = higher risk of injury.
– alcohol: higher alcohol consumption = higher gender gap. men life expect < w life expect. . but changing patterns = more W drinking. gender gap may close. also, biological increase susceptibility to effect of alochol for women = potentially more deaths. + opioid crisis = overall LE decline.
