illness + death in developing countries: Global view Flashcards
what is the threshold for poverty?
$1.90/day purchasing power parity
cannot afford the basic necessities of life
how has extreme poverty changed recently?
fewer extremely poor people.
- > dropped from 36% in 1990 to 10% in 2016
- pace of change has slowed. even slight increase to 11% in 2018
emergence of middle class
rising wealth = lifted out of poverty ppl have gerater disposable income.
look to US for example of success
-> middle income countries have both low income + high income health problems.
what is ppp?
purchasing power parity =
change in health as countries become healthier?
acquire health prodlems of affluent countries.
=> epidemiological transition
of 56.9 mill deaths in 2016, how many were from NCD?
NCD = non communicable disease. 40.5 mill - 71% due to NCD
of how many NCD’s occurred in low/middle income countries
3/4 of 40.5 mill. 31.5 mill
trend in deaths in the world across various ages.
- > m vs w deaths?
- > what’s on the rise globally?
altho j-curve isnt seen in Canada, it re-emerges globally. communicable disease is a huge reason why it reappears.
- > men more likely to die than women at earlier age.
- > alzheimers + dementia on the rise everywhere.
implications of NCD’s for low + middle income countries?
focus in past has been on infectious + parasitic disease ( huge and effective).
NCD place complex demad on inadequate hc system
how were infectious and parasitic diseases focused on?
selective = target most prevalent disease. specific.
fragmented: funded by philanthropist foundation. helped decline the disease, but didn’t help improve existing health care sysstem.
how is the hc system inadequate for NCD?
chronic disease requrie intervention for a long time. need trained ppl, equipment, affordable meds/treatments. even if equipment given, dont have trained personnel to use.
pattern of global mortality due to poor-quality/non-utilization of HC
increase in mortality in NCD - like heart disease, preventable death (road injuries). infectious disease has lower deaths.. cardiovascular: mostly due to poor quality, same w neonatal death + TB.
cancer + mental health due to non-utilization.
SDG 2030: sustainable development goals
ensure helathy lives + promote well-being for all at all ages.
-> reduce NCD premature death, prevent + treat addiction + mental illness, reduce road accidents, universal hc, increase health financing
road traffic accidents - # cause of death?.
pattern of death across incomes
8th leading cause of death.
lower income have a greater risk of dyiing from road traffic accidents than higher income groups
patterns in
- population
- road traffec deaths
- registered motorized vehicles across income status (switzerland)
- popln: 70% middle income, 12% low, 18% high.
- > RTD: 74% middle, 10% high, 16% low.
- > registered: 53% middle, 46% high, 1% low.
clearly high income use cars most, at least risk for death. excess death for low income regarding rta
vulnerable popln’s of road users in high, middle, low income countries
high income contry: most vulnerable as vehicle occupant.
low + middle income: most vulnerable - pedestrians, cyclists, 2/3-wheelers
Canada: deaths by road user category
trends in reported rt-death
48% deaths = drivers. passengers 2nd.
-> rtd on decline for the most part. isolating vulnerable users away from cars.
India: deaths by road user category
- trend in rtd
1/3 2 or 3-wheelers. drivers/passengers of cars only 17% of injury. rest disted btw other categories.
-> deaths peaked, but declining
describe the disease of development regarding road traffic accidents
urbanization increases traffic, (economy grows, ppl coming out of poverty buying smaller vulnerable methods of transport) increased mobility - increased inexperienced road users = more vulnerable.
rate of economic growth vs infrastructure
rate of growth outstrips capacity to adjust its infrastructure.
countries + laws = 5 biggest risk factors
few countries that have adequate laws to address: speed, drunk-driving, helmets, seat-eblts, child restraints)
how are industrialized nations defined?
gross national income GNI - per capita. relatively high
what is verbal autopsy?
determine cause of death in resource-poor setting by interviewing family/care-giver to deceased. ID signs and symptoms as well as other pertinent info to assign cause of death
define food security
access to sufficient, safe + nutrient rich foods to meet dietary needs + food preferences for an active +healthy lifestyle.
3 markers of malnutrition
stunting: measure of height is 2 st.dev below standard. = chronic malnutrition
wasting: measure of weight for height that is 2 st. dev below standard. = acute food shortage/disease
overweight: above average weight for height
what is double burden of malnutrition
high rates of undernutrition among children, persist as there is rapid increase in rate of ppl who are overweight.
factor most assoc with malnutrition
resources are concentrated = few ppl control while access given to very few.
what is cartesian dualism
body is biological object that is completely separate from self + that changes in one will have no effect on the other
define illness behaviour
responding to symptoms + deciding what actions to take
illness behaviour model
predicts circumstances in which individuals are most likely to seek medical care.
interruption / intrusion/ immersion of disability or illness in life
interruption: small + temporary part of persons life.
intrusion: demanding time, accommodation + attention requiring that person live “day to day”
immersion: structure life around demands of their bodies rather than structuring demands of body around life
health belief model - most likely to comply with treatment when?
susceptible to health probelm that could have serious consequences; compliance will help; perceive no significant barriers to compliance.
social service agency : 3 ways they function
- adopt medical model of disability. individual compensate for deficiency. = ID individual problems rather than looking for individual strengths.
- disability = flaw. progress = less-disabled..
- hierarchical pattern of care: social service providers > client in decision regarding client life.
