Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

3) Mammalian Physiology > Set 7 (Part II) > Flashcards

Set 7 (Part II) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the countercurrent of exchange mechanism important for?

A

To create a salty medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does the countercurrent of exchange mechanism refer to?

A

The flow of the vasa recta is opposite to the flow of the fluid moving down the tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What kind of urine does ADH create?

A

Salty, small volume of concentrated urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How does an increase in water uptake due to thirst affect blood pressure?

A
  • Increases blood pressure

- Cardiovascular reflexes lower the blood pressure rapidly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the mechanism of aldosterone.

A

1) Aldosterone combines with a cytoplasmic receptor
2) Initiates transcription in the nucleus
3) New protein channels are made + increase in Na+/K+ channels
4) Na+/K+ ATPase speeds up
5) Increased Na+ absorption and K+ secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the net result of aldosterone?

A
  • Increased Na+ reabsorption

- Increased K+ secretion into the lumen of the distal tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where does aldosterone act?

A

Principal cells in the distal tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What kind of receptor does aldosterone bind?

A

Cytoplasmic receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What must be monitored if the aldosterone system is modified by drugs?

A

Potassium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What happens when the body needs salt?

A

Aldosterone is secreted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What happens when there is low blood pressure?

A

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What constantly produces angiotensinogen?

A

The liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What occurs in granular cells of the kidney when blood pressure decreases?

A
  • Granular cells produce renin

- Renin activates angiotensinogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What activates ANG I in plasma?

A

Blood vessel endothelial contains ACE (enzyme), which converts ANG I to ANG II in plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the function of ANG II on arterioles?

A
  • Vasoconstriction

- Increases blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the function of ANG II on the cardiovascular control center in the medulla oblongata?

A
  • Increase in cardiovascular response (increases depolarization to contract the heart more forcefully)
  • Increases blood pressure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the function of ANG II on the cardiovascular control center in the hypothalamus?

A
  • Increases vasopressin
  • Increases thirst
  • Increases volume and maintains osmolarity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the function of ANG II on the cardiovascular control center in the adrenal cortex?

A
  • Releases aldosterone
  • Increases Na+ reabsorption
  • Increases volume and maintains osmolarity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How does aldosterone increase water retention?

A

Increase in Na+ reabsorption (and Cl- passive reabsorption) increases water-holding capacity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What happens when there is high blood pressure?

A

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) increases water loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is ANP secreted by? In response to what?

A
  • Atria of the heart

- In response to being stretched by Na+ retention, expansion of ECF volume, and increase in arterial pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How does ANP affect the distal tubule?

A
  • Inhibits Na+ reabsorption
  • Increases Na+ output in urine
  • Increases water loss
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How does ANP affect afferent arterioles?

A
  • Afferent arteriole vasodilation

- Increase in GFR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How does ANP affect the kidneys?

A

Inhibits renin secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What would be a secondary disease to chronic high blood pressure?

A
  • Kidney disease

- Increase in GFR puts a huge strain on the kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How does ANP affect the sympathetic nervous system?

A
  • Decrease in cardiac output and total peripheral resistance

- Decrease in arterial blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are causes of renal failure?

A
  • Infectious organisms
  • Toxic agents
  • Inappropriate immune responses
  • Obstruction of urine flow
  • Insufficient renal blood supply
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How is Buerger’s disease related to the kidney?

A

Immune system attacks epithelial cells in the kidney, which leads to kidney failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What hormones do the kidneys release?

A
  • Erythropoietin

- Renin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What do the kidneys convert into its active form?

A

Vitamin D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Ion regulation is a key feature of kidney function. What happens to the resting membrane potential of a neuron if extracellular K+ levels decrease?

A

Hyperpolarizes (becomes more negative)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What happens to the force of cardiac contraction if plasma Ca2+ levels decrease substantially?

A

Force of contraction decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Describe the movement of blood in the renal portal system.

A
  • Renal arteriole
  • Glomerulus
  • Efferent arteriole
  • Peritubular capillaries
  • Renal vein
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

If the net filtration out of glomerular capillaries occurs, then you know that capillary hydrostatic pressure must be (greater than/less than/equal to) capillary colloid osmotic pressure.

A

greater than

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

If net reabsorption into peritubular capillaries occurs, then capillary hydrostatic pressure must be (greater than/less than/equal to) the capillary colloid osmotic pressure.

A

less than

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is filtration?

A

The movement of fluid from blood into the lumen of the nephron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Where does filtration ONLY take place?

A

Renal corpuscule, where the walls of glomerular capillaries and Bowman’s capsule are modified to allow bulk flow of fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is reabsorption?

A

Process of moving substances in the filtrate from the lumen of the tubule back into the blood flowing through peritubular capillaries

39
Q

What is secretion?

A

Selectively removes molecules from the blood and adds them to the filtrate in the tubule lumen

40
Q

Which process is more selective: secretion or glomerular filtration? Why?

A

Secretion is more selective that usually uses membrane proteins to move molecules

41
Q

Which portion of the nephron is responsible for the isomotic reabsorption of solutes and water?

A

Proximal tubule

42
Q

Which portion of the nephron is the primary site for creating dilute urine?

A

Loop of Henle

43
Q

Amount excreted = amount filtered ___ amount reabsorbed ___ amount secreted

A

Amount excreted = amount filtered - amount reabsorbed + amount secreted

44
Q

Name one way in which filtration and secretion are alike.

A

They both represent movement from ECF into the lumen

45
Q

A water molecule enters the renal corpuscule from the blood and ends up in the urine. Name all the anatomical structures that the molecule passes through on its trip to the outside world.

A
  • Glomerulus
  • Bowman’s capsule
  • Proximal tubule
  • Loop of Henle
  • Distal tubule
  • Collecting duct
  • Renal pelvis
  • Ureter
  • Bladder
  • Urethra
46
Q

Do molecules sent for filtration pass through the Bowman’s capsule or glomerulus first?

A

Glomerulus THEN Bowman’s capsule

47
Q

What would happen to the body if filtration continued at a normal rate but reabsorption dropped to half the normal rate?

A

The body would run out of plasma in under an hour

48
Q

What glomerular cells alter blood flow through capillaries?

A

Mesangial cells by contraction

49
Q

What is the consequence of increased resistance of efferent arterioles?

A
  • Decreases renal blood flow
  • Increases hydrostatic pressure
  • Increases glomerular filtration rate
50
Q

What is the consequence of vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole?

A
  • Increases resistance
  • Decreases renal blood flow
  • Decreases capillary blood pressure (hydrostatic pressure)
  • Decreases glomerular filtration rate
51
Q

What are the two factors that determine glomerular filtration rate?

A
  • Net filtration pressure (determined by renal blood flow and blood pressure)
  • Filtration coefficient (determined by the surface area of the glomerular capillaries and the permeability of interface between the capillary and Bowman’s capsule)
52
Q

What occurs to GFR if resistances increases in the afferent arteriole?

A

Decrease in GFR

53
Q

What occurs to GFR if resistances increases in the efferent arteriole?

A

Increase in GFR

54
Q

Why is the osmotic pressure of plasma in efferent arterioles higher than that in afferent arterioles?

A

Osmotic pressure is higher in efferent arterioles due to the same amount of protein in a smaller volume

55
Q

Define the myogenic response.

A

The intrinsic ability of vascular smooth muscle to respond to pressure changes

56
Q

What is tubuloglomerular feedback?

A
  • Paracrine signaling mechanism

- Changes in fluid flow through the loop of Henle influence the GFR

57
Q

What occurs in terms of the myogenic response when smooth muscle in the arteriole wall stretches because of increased blood pressure?

A
  • Stretch-sensitive ion channels open and the muscle cells depolarize
  • Depolarization opens voltage-gated Ca2+ channels and the muscle contracts
  • Vasoconstriction increases resistance to flow
  • Decrease in blood flow decreases filtration pressure in the glomerulus
58
Q

How does a decrease in GFR influence blood volume?

A

Helps the body conserve blood volume

59
Q

How is neural control of GFR mediated?

A

Sympathetic neurons that innervate both the afferent and efferent neurons

60
Q

What occurs to GFR if systemic blood pressure drops sharply?

A

Sympathetically induced vasoconstriction of the arterioles decrease GFR and renal blood flow

61
Q

If systemic blood pressure remains constant but the afferent arteriole of a nephron constricts, what happens to renal blood flow and GFR in that nephron?

A

Renal blood flow and GFR decrease

62
Q

A person with cirrhosis of the liver has lower-than-normal levels of plasma proteins and consequently a higher-than-normal GFR. Explain why a decrease in plasma protein concentration causes an increase in GFR.

A

With fewer plasma proteins, the plasma has lower-than-normal colloid osmotic pressure opposing GFR, so GFR increases

63
Q

What is the primary driving force for most renal reabsorption?

A

The active reabsorption of Na+

64
Q

What kind of transport does urea reabsorption utilize? Where?

A
  • Passive reabsorption in the collecting duct

- Only if there is a urea concentration gradient

65
Q

Why does the net pressure gradient favour reabsorption in peritubular capillaries?

A

Because the hydrostatic pressure that exists along the entire length of the peritubular capillaries is less than the colloid osmotic pressure

66
Q

What kind of transport is secretion?

A

Active because it requires moving substances against their concentration gradients

67
Q

Give an example of net reabsorption and net secretion.

A
  • Net reabsorption: urea clearance

- Net secretion: penicillin clearance

68
Q

Differentiate the internal and external sphincter.

A
  • Internal sphincter: continuation of the bladder composed of smooth muscle
  • External sphincter: skeletal muscle controlled by somatic motor neurons
69
Q

At any given time, what percentage of cardiac output goes to the kidneys?

A

20-25%

70
Q

Name the three filtration barriers that solutes must cross as they move from plasma to the lumen of Bowmen’s capsule. What components of blood are usually excluded by these layers?

A
  • Glomerular capillary endothelial
  • Basal lamina
  • Epithelium of Bowman’s capsule
  • Blood cells and plasma proteins are excluded
71
Q

What force promotes glomerular filtration? What forces oppose it?

A
  • Capillary hydrostatic pressure promotes filtration

- Fluid pressure in Bowman’s capsule and colloid osmotic (oncotic) pressure of plasma oppose it

72
Q

In which segment of the nephron does most reabsorption take place?

A

Proximal tubule

73
Q

If a solution is filtered and not reabsorbed from the tubule, where does it go?

A

Excreted in urine

74
Q

What solute that is normally present in the body is used to estimate GFR in humans?

A

Creatine

75
Q

What is micturition?

A

Urination

76
Q

Which of the following is UNLIKELY to be a consequence of kidney disease?

A) electrolyte imbalance
B) hyperglycemia
C) edema
D) anemia

A

B) hyperglycemia

77
Q

The ability of the nephron to filter substances based on size and charge is NOT due to the __________.

A) epithelium of Bowman’s capsule
B) capillary endothelium
C) hydrostatic pressure
D) basal lamina

A

C) hydrostatic pressure

78
Q

Glucose reabsorption from the renal filtrate is due to __________.

A) active transport along the descending loop of Henle
B) osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries
C) sequential active transport and facilitated diffusion by the cells of the proximal tubule
D) osmosis and simple diffusion along the distal tubule

A

C) sequential active transport and facilitated diffusion by the cells of the proximal tubule

79
Q

If clearance of a substance is greater than GFR, the substance is __________.

A) net secreted by the kidney
B) net reabsorbed by the kidney
C) glucose
D) both secreted and reabsorbed

A

A) net secreted by the kidney

80
Q

What are two systems that compensate for acid-base disturbances?

A) respiratory and cardiovascular
B) renal and respiratory
C) cardiovascular and renal
D) renal and digestive

A

B) renal and respiratory

81
Q

In a dehydrated person, the kidneys compensate for changes in extracellular fluid volume and osmolarity by __________.

A) increasing the amount of water that is reabsorbed from the collecting duct
B) increasing the rate of glomerular filtration
C) reducing vasopressin release
D) increasing the amount of water excreted

A

A) increasing the amount of water that is reabsorbed from the collecting duct

82
Q

Which hormone acts as a form of reflex (systemic) control to increase the glomerular filtration rate?

A) angiotensin II
B) atrial natriuretic peptide
C) renin
D) aldosterone

A

B) atrial natriuretic peptide

83
Q

Which is NOT true of thirst?

A) Thirst is a physiological mechanism for maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance.
B) High osmolarity stimulates thirst.
C) Angiotensin II stimulates thirst.
D) Thirst (and drinking) can increase plasma volume.

A

A) Thirst is a physiological mechanism for maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance.

84
Q

High ECF K+ stimulates __________.

A) increased secretion of vasopressin and reduced sodium reabsorption
B) increased secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide
C) decreased secretion of renin
D) increased synthesis and secretion of aldosterone

A

D) increased synthesis and secretion of aldosterone

85
Q

The primary function of the vasa recta is to __________.

A) maintain the medullary concentration gradient
B) promote sodium and water excretion in the nephron
C) establish the medullary concentration gradient
D) fine-tune water reabsorption in order to maintain body volume

A

A) maintain the medullary concentration gradient

86
Q

Angiotensin II alters kidney function by __________.

A) decreasing the glomerular filtration rate and increasing sodium reabsorption along the distal tubules
B) increasing water reabsorption along the proximal tubule and increasing potassium reabsorption along the distal tubules
C) reducing thirst and reducing the water permeability of the collecting duct
D) decreasing sodium reabsorption along the descending loop of Henle and increasing the water permeability of the ascending loop of Henle

A

A) decreasing the glomerular filtration rate and increasing sodium reabsorption along the distal tubules

87
Q

The effects of angiotensin II on the central nervous system are to __________.

A) increase thirst and increase the cardiac output and peripheral vasoconstriction
B) increase activity of the respiratory control center
C) inhibit secretion of vasopressin from the posterior pituitary gland
D) act on the medulla oblongata to decrease blood pressure

A

A) increase thirst and increase the cardiac output and peripheral vasoconstriction

88
Q

An ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) inhibitor would be used to treat __________.

A) hypertension, since ACE inhibition will result in decreased secretion of vasopressin
B) hypertension, since ACE inhibition will decrease the rate of urine production
C) hypotension, since ACE inhibition will result in increased secretion of vasopressin
D) hypotension, since ACE inhibition will decrease the glomerular filtration rate

A

A) hypertension, since ACE inhibition will result in decreased secretion of vasopressin

89
Q

Which of the following is appropriately linked to increased renin secretion?

A) increased secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide
B) increased formation of angiotensinogen
C) increased secretion of erythropoietin
D) increased sodium reabsorption in the distal nephron

A

D) increased sodium reabsorption in the distal nephron

90
Q

Suppose that your company is developing a new drug that blocks aldosterone synthesis. You would expect that patients given this drug in clinical tests would respond with __________.

A) an immediate increase in blood pressure
B) hypernatremia (high plasma sodium) and hypokalemia (low plasma potassium)
C) a higher concentration of potassium in their urine than in patients given a placebo
D) a higher concentration of sodium in their urine than in patients given a placebo

A

D) a higher concentration of sodium in their urine than in patients given a placebo

91
Q

In which of the following locations is the osmolarity of the filtrate the greatest?

A) the base of the loop of Henle
B) near the top of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle
C) at the end of the proximal tubule
D) near the top of the descending limb of the loop of Henle

A

A) the base of the loop of Henle

92
Q

A vasopressin receptor antagonist would __________.

A) cause aquaporins to be inserted into the apical membranes of collecting duct cells
B) increase aldosterone secretion
C) prevent membrane recycling in collecting duct cells
D) cause vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure

A

C) prevent membrane recycling in collecting duct cells

93
Q

Which part of the nephron always has low permeability to water, regardless of hormone levels?

A) descending loop of Henle
B) ascending loop of Henle
C) collecting duct
D) proximal tubule

A

B) ascending loop of Henle

3) Mammalian Physiology (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions