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3) Mammalian Physiology > Lab 3: Heart Dissection, Recording and Interpreting ECG > Flashcards

Lab 3: Heart Dissection, Recording and Interpreting ECG Flashcards

1
Q

How many sides and chambers does the heart contain?

A
  • Two-sided

- Four chambered

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2
Q

What is the ventral surface of the heart called? What does it face?

A
  • Auricular surface

- Facing the left thoracic wall

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3
Q

Explain the name of the auricular surface.

A

The tips of the two auricles projects on the left thoracic wall

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4
Q

What does the atrial surface project?

A

Right thoracic wall

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5
Q

Which grooves are found in the auricular and atrial surfaces?

A
  • Auricular: paraconal interventricular groove

- Atrial: subsinuosal interventricular groove

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6
Q

What is the thin membrane that covers the heart called?

A

Pericardium

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7
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

Double-layered closed sac that surrounds the heart

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8
Q

What forms the phrenicopericardial ligament?

A

The continuation of the pericardium to the sternum and diaphragm

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9
Q

What are the two tissue layers of the pericardium? Differentiate them.

A
  • Visceral pericardium (covers the surface of the heart)

- Parietal pericardium (covers the inner surface)

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10
Q

What is the pericardial cavity? What is its function?

A
  • Gap between the parietal and visceral surfaces

- Filled with fluid to reduce friction between the layers as the heart pumps

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11
Q

Which muscle is located below the pericardium? Where is it mostly located?

A
  • Myocardium

- Mostly located in the ventricles

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12
Q

What is the tip of the heart called?

A

Apex

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13
Q

Which ventricle extends all the way to the apex?

A

Left ventricle

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14
Q

How would you place a heart on your bench so that it would be positioned the same as within our body?

A

Ventral side towards you

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15
Q

What is the function of the coronary artery?

A

Supplies fresh blood with oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle itself

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16
Q

Where does the coronary artery lie? Where does it branch?

A
  • In the groove on the front of the heart

- Branches over the front and back side of the heart

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17
Q

Where is the pulmonary artery found? What is its function?

A
  • Curving out of the right ventricle

- Branches and carries blood to the lungs to receive oxygen

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18
Q

Where is the aorta found?

A
  • Near the right atria

- Behind the pulmonary trunk

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19
Q

What is the curved part of the aorta called?

A

Aortic arch

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20
Q

What branches from the aortic arch? What is its function?

A
  • Brachiocephalic artery

- Supplies blood to the upper body

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21
Q

What is the function of pulmonary veins?

A

Return oxygenated blood from the right and left lungs to the left atrium

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22
Q

Where are the inferior and superior vena cava found? What is their function?

A
  • Connect to the right atrium

- Deoxygenated blood enters the body through these vessels

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23
Q

How does the muscular walls of the right side of the heart compare to the left side?

A

Thinner muscular wall

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24
Q

What are the two atrioventricular valves?

A
  • Tricuspid: right atrium and right ventricle

- Bicuspid (mitral): left atrium and left ventricle

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25
Q

What are the cordae tendinae?

A

Long fibers of connective tissue that attach the atrioventricular valves to the papillary muscles of the heart

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26
Q

What occurs to the atrioventricular valves during diastole and systole?

A
  • Diastole: valves are open

- Systole: valves are closed

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27
Q

Differentiate systole and diastole.

A
  • Diastole: period when the heart is relaxed

- Systole: period when the heart begins to contract

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28
Q

What is the septum?

A

The thick muscular wall that separates the right and left pumping ventricles from each other

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29
Q

What is the trabeculae carneae?

A

Network of irregular muscular cords on the inner wall of the right and left ventricles

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30
Q

What is the function of the pulmonary semilunar valve?

A

Controls blood flow away from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery

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31
Q

What is the function of the aortic semilunar valve?

A

Controls blood flow away from the left ventricle to the aorta

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32
Q

Where do the two holes in the aorta lead into?

A

Into the coronary artery, which carries blood to and nourishes the heart muscle itself

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33
Q

What is the difference between a pig heart and a human heart?

A
  • Size (pig is larger)
  • There are two branches on the aortic arch for the pig
  • There are three branches on the aortic arch for the human
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34
Q

Differentiate the epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium.

A
  • Epicardium: outer layer of heart wall (visceral layer)
  • Myocardium: muscle tissue of heart
  • Endocardium: inner layer of heart wall
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35
Q

What are auricles?

A

Earlike appendage of each atrium of the heart

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36
Q

Which muscle is lining the auricles?

A

Pectinate muscle

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37
Q

What is trebeculae septomarginalis? Where is it found? What is its function?

A
  • Inside the right ventricle
  • Extending from the septal wall to the opposite wall
  • Part of the conduction system of the heart
  • Extension of the right bundle of His, necessary for the conduction of the right ventricle
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38
Q

Which two components exhibit reverse blood flow?

A
  • Pulmonary artery: deoxygenated blood flowing through an artery
  • Pulmonary vein: oxygenated blood flowing through avein
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39
Q

How do veins and arteries differ in terms of their location?

A

Most of the time, the veins are on top and the arteries are underneath

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40
Q

When does the coronary artery fill from the aorta? Why is that particular?

A
  • When the ventricle relaxes

- They are the only vessels in the body that fill when the heart is in diastole

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41
Q

Where do both coronary arteries originate?

A

Aortic sinus

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42
Q

Where is the aortic sinus located?

A

Right above the aortic semilunar valves

43
Q

What is the function of the right coronary artery?

A
  • Leaves right sinus

- Supplies blood to right atrium and right ventricle

44
Q

What is the function of the left coronary artery?

A
  • Leaves left sinus

- Short branch splits into two arteries: circumflex and paraconal

45
Q

What are the two arteries that split from the left coronary artery?

A
  • Circumflex artery

- Paraconal artery (animal anatomy)

46
Q

Where does the circumflex artery lead to?

A
  • Coronary groove
  • Base of the heart
  • Feeds the left side of the heart
47
Q

Where does the paraconal artery lead to?

A

Along paraconal interventricular groove (located down the septal wall)

48
Q

What is the function of the great cardiac vein?

A
  • Blood is returned to the right atrium

- Via the coronary sinus

49
Q

Differentiate the aortic and coronary sinus.

A
  • Aortic: oxygenated blood

- Coronary: deoxygenated

50
Q

What is the human anatomy version of a paraconal artery?

A

Anterior interventricular branch of the left coronary artery

51
Q

What is the function of the sinoatrial node? Where is it located?

A
  • Autorhythmic pacemaker cells

- Located in the right atrial wall near the superior vena cava

52
Q

What is the function of the atrioventricular node? Where is it located?

A
  • Slows down the conduction speed

- Right atrium along the lower part of the interatrial septum

53
Q

What do the atrioventricular bundle and Purkinje fibers originate from?

A

The AV node

54
Q

What is the function of the atrioventricular bundle and Purkinje fibers?

A
  • Extend down the septum

- Become Purkinje fibers at lateral walls of ventricles and papillary muscles

55
Q

What is the function of the AV node delay?

A

The atria needs to contract fully before the ventricles commence contraction

56
Q

Is the heart regulated by the nervous system?

A
  • The heart is innervated/regulated by the automatic nervous system, but ONLY to increase or decrease heart rate
  • The heart possesses self-excitable cells in the SA node that do not require input from the nervous system to contract
57
Q

Where do the sympathetic fibers arise from?

A

Segments T2, T3, T4 of the spinal cord

58
Q

Where are the sympathetic fibers distributed through?

A
  • Through the middle cervical and cervico-thoracic (or stellate) ganglia
  • And the first four ganglia of the thoracic sympathetic chain
59
Q

What provides the parasympathetic control to the heart?

A

The vagus (cranial nerve X)

60
Q

What is the function of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system on the heart?

A
  • Parasympathetic: lowers heart rate

- Sympathetic: increases heart rate

61
Q

What is an electrocardiogram?

A

Graphic record of the heart’s electrical activity (conduction impulse)

62
Q

Does an ECG record the heart’s contractions?

A

No, it records the electrical events that precede them

63
Q

What occurs when the ECG remains constant?

A

The heart wall is completely relaxed, with no change in electrical activity

64
Q

What occurs at the P wave?

A

When the AV node and atrial walls depolarize

65
Q

When does contraction occur in response to depolarization?

A

Cardiac muscle contraction occurs AFTER depolarization begins

66
Q

What occurs between the P wave and the QRS complex?

A

Atrial walls are completely depolarized (no change recorded in ECG)

67
Q

What occurs in the QRS complex?

A
  • Atrial walls repolarize
  • Ventricular walls depolarize
  • Ventricular walls depolarizing MASKS the atrial repolarization
68
Q

What occurs between the QRS complex and the T wave?

A
  • The atrial walls are completely repolarized
  • The ventricular walls are completely depolarized
  • No change is seen in the ECG
69
Q

What is the T wave?

A

The ventricular walls repolarize

70
Q

What does the PR interval represent?

A

Delay of AV node to allow filling of ventricles

71
Q

What is necessary to allow the opening of valves?

A

The pressure of the starting point must be larger than the pressure of the ending point

72
Q

What does the “lub” sound signify?

A

Closing of AV valves

73
Q

What does the “dub” sound signify?

A

Closing of SL valves

74
Q

At which step of the ECG does the “lub” sound occur?

A

During the QRS complex

75
Q

At which step of the ECG does the “dub” sound occur?

A

During the T wave

76
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

The pressure exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels

77
Q

What is systolic pressure?

A

Pressure as your heart beats and pushes blood through the blood vessels

78
Q

What is diastolic pressure?

A

Pressure when the vessels relax between heartbeats

79
Q

What is the optimal blood pressure?

A
  • 120 (systolic) over 80 (diastolic)

- Measured in mmHg

80
Q

How many times does the heart beat or contract per minute?

A

70 times

81
Q

How is the sphygmomanometer cuff calibrated?

A
  • Blood pressure cuff is inflated up to 100 mmHg

- The cuff is deflated to 40 mmHg

82
Q

Why is the blood pressure cuff placed on the subject’s right arm?

A

So that the “artery” label is over the brachial artery

83
Q

To obtain accurate measurements, it is important that the cuff pressure is released at a rate of __-__ mmHg per second.

A

2-3

84
Q

How is a measurement of the blood pressure and ECG obtained?

A

1) Cuff is pumped until 160mmHg
2) Valve is slowly released to begin releasing cuff pressure
3) Pressure is released constantly until systole and diastole have been registered

85
Q

Where are electrodes connected to the leads?

A
  • Right forearm (above wrist)
  • Inside right leg (above ankle bone)
  • Inside left leg (above ankle bone)
86
Q

Lack of blood supply to the brain results in what?

A

Cerebral ischemia

87
Q

What is the occlusion of a coronary artery caused by?

A

Atherosclerotic plaque detachment

88
Q

What does an occlusion of a coronary artery lead to? What may that lead to if untreated over time?

A
  • Ischemia (restriction in blood supply)
  • Oxygen shortage to heart tissue (death of myocytes)
  • Myocardial infarction
89
Q

Explain the development of atherosclerosis and hypertension.

A
  • Increase in calcification (rough and rigid arteries)

- Collection of lipids and macrophages in the wall of arteries

90
Q

Where does the death of myocardial cells first occur?

A
  • In the area of the myocardium that is the most distal to the arterial blood supply
  • Endocardium
91
Q

As the duration of the occlusion causing ischemia increases, where does the area of myocardial cell death enlarge to? What is the disadvantage?

A
  • Endocardium to myocardium to epicardium
  • Inside to outside
  • They will not be diagnosed readily because cell death occurs inside first (undetected)
92
Q

What occurs in terms of the histopathology of a myocardial infarction?

A
  • Loss of branching pattern
  • Necrosis of myocytes
  • Infiltration of neutrophils
  • Loss of nuclei
  • Degradation of Na+/K+ membrane gated channels
93
Q

What is the consequence of the degradation of Na+/K+ membrane gated channels during a myocardial infarction?

A

Edema

94
Q

What are methods of prevention for myocardial infarctions?

A
  • Regular medical checkups
  • Control BP
  • Check cholesterol
  • Don’t smoke
  • Exercise regularly
  • Maintain healthy weight
  • Manage stress
95
Q

What are risk factors for myocardial infarction?

A
  • Obesity
  • Unhealthy lifestyle
  • Smoking
  • Diabetes
96
Q

What is the progression of ischemia within the cardiac muscle tissue?

A

Restriction of blood flow to the heart occurs from the inside (endo, myo, epi)

97
Q

Are cardiac muscle cells dependent or independent on one another?

A
  • They depend on one another, as 99% are composed of contractile cells, which may not stimulate an action potential on their own
  • The heart contracts as a unit
98
Q

How does the tar in tobacco affect heart function?

A
  • Tar (in tobacco) blocks small alveoli within the lungs

- Decreases O2 transport efficiency

99
Q

How does smoking affect heart function?

A
  • Makes the heart beat faster because of an increase in blood pressure, which causes arteries to constrict
  • Over time, it exerts more pressure on the wall, which may cause an atherosclerotic plaque to appear
100
Q

Anatomy insert

A

doajosfi

101
Q

Where does deoxygenated blood come from to fill the right atrium?

A
  • Superior and inferior vena cava

- Aortic sinus

102
Q

Which valves are open during the P wave?

A
  • AV valves are open

- SL valves are closed

103
Q

Which valves are open during the QRS complex?

A
  • AV valves close (close during the R)

- SL valves are open

104
Q

Which valves are open during the T wave?

A
  • AV valves are closed (initially, opens later)

- SL valves close at the end of the T wave

3) Mammalian Physiology (24 decks)

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