Set 11 (Part II) Flashcards
How many sperm cells does each primary spermatocyte create? From how many meiotic divisions?
- 4
- 2 meiotic divisions
How many eggs do each primary oocyte create?
Only one
The gametes in a newborn male are at what stage of development? Is it the same in a newborn female?
- A newborn male’s gametes are spermatogonia
- A newborn female’s gametes are primary oocytes
What is the function of the enzyme aromatase?
Converts androgens to estrogens
What is the effect of low estrogen or androgen on gonadotrophin release?
- Absence of negative feedback
- Gonadotrophin release increases
What is the effect of moderate estrogen or androgen on gonadotrophin release?
- Negative feedback
- Gonadotrophin release decreases
What is the effect of sustained high estrogen on gonadotrophin release?
- Positive feedback
- Gonadotrophin release increases
What is cryptorchidism?
The failure of one or both testes to descend
What is the function of interstitial Leydig cells?
Testosterone-producing cells
What is the function of Sertoli cells?
Regulate sperm development
Where is androgen-binding protein secreted into? What does it bind? What secretes ABP?
- Secreted into the seminiferous tubule lumen
- Binds to testosterone
- Sertoli cells secrete ABP
Name (in order) the male reproductive structures that carry sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the external environment.
1) Seminiferous tubules
2) Epididymis
3) Vas deferens
4) Urethra
In what male reproductive structure do sperm reach maturity?
Epididymis
One technique for the treatment of male infertility involves retrieval of sperm from the epididymis. Which causes of male infertility might make this treatment necessary?
If the infertility problem is due to blocking or congenital defects in the vas deferens or urethra
Which hormone released are pulsatile?
GnRH
Which cells does FSH target in men? What are its functions?
- Sertoli cells
- Stimulates synthesis of paracrine molecules needed for spermatogonia mitosis and spermatogenesis
- Stimulates production of ABP and inhibin
Which cells does LH target in men? What are its functions?
- Interstitial Leydig cells
- Produce testosterone
What would be the advantages and disadvantages of using male contraceptives that cause the down-regulation of GnRH receptors?
- Advantage: decrease FSH and LH stops testes from producing sperm
- Disadvantage: testes also stop producing testosterone, which decreases sex drive
Which cells of the testes have receptors for FSH? LH? For androgens?
- FSH: Sertoli cells
- LH: Leydig (interstitial) cells
- Androgens: Sertoli cells
What is the primary function of the male accessory glands, such as the prostate?
Secrete various fluid mixtures, producing semen
Why would exogenous anabolic steroids shrink a man’s testes and make him temporarily infertile?
Exogenous anabolic steroids (androgens) shut down FSH and LH secretion, which shrinks the testes and stops sperm production
What are the three layers of the uterus?
- Thin outer connective tissue covering
- Myometrium (smooth muscle)
- Endometrium
What pathological condition could explain for pregnancies in which the embryo implants in the Fallopian tube, rather than the uterus?
Absent ciliary function from the Fallopian tube
Differentiate the ovarian and uterine cycles.
- Ovarian: changes that occur in follicles of the ovary
- Uterine: changes in the endometrial lining of the uterus
What occurs during the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle?
The endometrium adds a new layer of cells in anticipation of pregnancy
What occurs during the secretory phase of the uterine cycle?
Hormones from the CL convert the thickened endometrium into a secretory structure
What occurs to body temperature following ovulation?
Rises slightly and remains elevated through the remaining of the menstrual cycle
For which causes of female infertility is temperature tracking useful? For which causes is it not useful?
- Temperature tracking is a useful way to tell if a women is ovulating
- But, it cannot reveal structure or physiological problems within the Fallopian tubes or uterus
What is used as a marker for PCOS?
AMH from the ovary
Because POI is the failure of the ovaries to produce mature follicles, what do you predict the levels of FSH and estrogen (compared to normal) would be in a woman with POI?
- Low estrogen
- Low estrogen means little negative feedback, and FSH levels increase
What would happen to the ovarian cycle of a woman given an aromatase inhibitor?
Decreased estrogen production
On what day of the menstrual cycle will a woman with the following cycle lengths ovulate?
A) 28 days
B) 23 days
C) 31 days
A) Day 14
B) Day 9
C) Day 17
How long can an egg be fertilized following ovulation?
Only about 12-24 hours after ovulation
What is hCG secreted by?
Chorionic villi and the developing placenta
If fertilization occurs, when does the CL degenerate? What replaces it?
- At the seventh week of development
- Placenta takes over progesterone production
Because of the time delay with in vitro activation, the mother must be treated with hormones to prepare the uterine endometrium for implantation of the embryo. What hormones must be given so that her uterus can receive an embryo?
- The corpus luteum secretes estrogen and progesterone to prepare the uterus for implantation of the embryo
- Estrogen and progesterone must be given
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
A) When estrogen levels rise rapidly, feedback changes from negative to positive and secretion of LH increases.
B) When gonadal steroid levels are low, LH secretion increases.
C) As androgen levels go up, FSH secretion decreases.
D) Pituitary gonadotropins inhibit GnRH by a long-loop feedback path.
D) Pituitary gonadotropins inhibit GnRH by a long-loop feedback path.
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
A) The embryo takes 4 or 5 days to move through the Fallopian tube into the uterine cavity.
B) The placenta receives as much as 10% of the total maternal cardiac output.
C) Cells that will become part of the placenta form finger-like choronic villi that penetrate the endometrium.
D) The extra embryonic membranes include the allantois, which secretes amniotic fluid.
D) The extra embryonic membranes include the allantois, which secretes amniotic fluid.
