Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

UWorld > Set 13 (Endocrine + GI) > Flashcards

Set 13 (Endocrine + GI) Flashcards

1
Q

Dsyphagia for liquids
Difficulty belching
Dilated esophagus

A

Achalasia

usually congenital, also Trypanosoma cruzi if from Central/South America

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Sheep, goats

Fever, malaise, LAD, HSM

A

Brucellosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Chagas disease

A

Trypanosoma cruzi (central/south america)

Destroy myenteric plexi (esophagus, intestine, ureters
achalasia, megacolon, megaureter)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Parafollicular (C cells) of the thyroid: embryology

A

Neural crest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Foregut

A

Esophagus, stomach
Liver, GB, Pancreas
UPPER duodenum
(celiac trunk supplies these)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Midgut

A

LOWER duodenum
SI
Ascending colon –> prox 2/3 of transverse colon
(SMA supplies these)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Hindgut

A

Distal 1/3 of transverse
Descending and sigmoid
(IMA supplies these)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Live (oral attenuated) vs. Killed (Salk inactivated) polio vaccine: defense

A

Live promote more PROLONGED synthesis and secretion of LOCAL mucosal IgA
(protection @ normal site of viral entry)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Posterior duodenal ulcer: can cause ulceration of what artery?

A

Gastroduodenal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Pancreatic pseudocyst

A

Wall=granulation tissue and fibrosis

NOT lined by epithelium (“pseudo”cyst)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Dofetilide

A

Class III antiarrythmic (K+ channel blocker)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Crohn’s disease: stones

A 
Oxalate stones
(2/2 decreased calcium absorption, less calcium available to bind oxalate in INTESTINE --> less oxalate able to be excreted --> more oxalate ABSORBED into blood --> kidney --> stones)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Corticosteroid on CBC

A 
INCREASED neutrophils (demargination)
DECREASED everything else.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Elevated CK

A

HYPOthyroidism
Statins
Polymyositis/Dermatomyosisits
Muscular dystrophies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Hyperparathyroidism: bone

A

Increased breakdown: SUBPERIOSTEAL thinning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Subperiosteal thinning

“salt and pepper” appearance of calvarium

A

HYPERparathyroidism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Recurrent renal colic
Peptic ulcer dz
HIGH serum calcium, LOW serum potassium

A

Primary HYPERparathyroidism
(adenoma or hyperplasia)
(stones, bones, moans, psychiatric overtones)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

HNPCC (Lynch) syndrome: mutation

A

DNA mismatch repair genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

BB in diabetes

A

USE SELECTIVE B1
(b2 blocker: inhibit gluconeogenesis and glycolysis)
NON-selective BB masks signs of HYPOglycemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Pyrmidine dimers are fixed by?

A

Nucleotide EXCISION repair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Empty sugar phosphate residues are fixed by?

A

Base excision repair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Mallory-Weiss tears occur due to?

A

Increased intraluminal gastric pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Diabetes mellitus
Necrolytic erythema
Anemia

A

Glucagonoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Octreotide

A

Snthetic somatostatin analog

tx of carcinoid syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Flutamate

A

Competitive androgen inhibitor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Spleen: embryological origin

A

Mesodermal dorsal mesentery

NOT foregut derivative, but recieve blood supply from splenic artery of the celiac trunk–a foregut derivative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Kidney: embryology

A

Retroperitoneal organ from MESODERM

NOT derived from gut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Craniopharyngiomas

A

Tumors arising from Rathke’s pouch remnants in AP

solid, cystic, calcified components

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

ANY supraseller mass w/ 3 components:

Solid, Cystic, Calcified

A

HIGHLY suspicious for Craniopharyngioma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

C. diff: toxin

A 
Toxin A (enterotoxin): neutrophil chemoattractant
Toxin B (cytotoxin): actin depolymerization
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Gastrinoma: which MEN?

A

MEN1

Pancreatic tumor= gastrinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

VHL

A

Hemangioblastoma
Pheochromocytoma
Renal cell carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Adenoma-to-carcinoma sequence

A

APC (small polyp)
K-ras (increase size of polyp)
p53 and DCC (malignant transformation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Garlic odor

A

Arsenic poisoning

tx: dimercaprol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Arsenic poisoning: tx?

A

Dimercaprol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Acute lead and mercury poisoning: tx

A

CaNa2-EDTA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Cyanide poisoning: tx

A

Amyl nitrite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Positive skew

A

Mean > Median > Mode

negative skew: Mode > Median > Mean

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Leptin stimulates production of?
Leptin inhibit production of?
In the arcuate nucleus.

A

Stimulate: POMC –> alpha-MSH –> inhibit food intake
Inhibit: neuropeptide Y (which is an appetite stimulant)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

G-protein/AC/PKA pathway used by what hormones?

A

TSH
PTH
Gluagon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Growth hormone
EPO
Cytokines (interferron)
acts through what pathway?

A

JAK-STAT

42
Q

Pear-shaped
Bilaterally symmetric
Four pairs of flagella, two nuclei

A

Giardia lamblia

NEED IgA!!!

43
Q

Children w/ these more susceptible to Giardia lamblia infections

A

X-linked agammaglobulinemia
Common variable immune deficiency
IgA deficiency

44
Q

Lesser omentum contains?

A

Hepatogastric ligament

Heaptoduodenal ligament

45
Q

hCG has structural similarities to?

A

LH, FSH, TSH

46
Q

Strict vegetarian diet: what vit deficiency?

A

Cobalamin

47
Q

DDAVP (desmopressin) can be used for tx of?

A

Mild vWF disease (induce secretion of vWF from endothelial cells)

Enuresis

48
Q

HYPERtension
HYPOkalemia
Supressed renin
NON-suppressible aldosterone

A

Primary mineralocorticoid excess

notice: NO HYPERnatremia b/c of “aldosterone escape”

49
Q

Traction diverticula

A

2/2 inflammation and subsequent scarring

TRUE diverticula

50
Q

Basophilic cluster on surface of intestinal mucosal cells
Profuse, watery, non-bloody diarrhea
AIDS

A

Cryptosporidiosis

51
Q

Flask-shaped colonic ulcers

A

Entamoeba histolytica

52
Q

Diphenoxylate

A

Opiate anti-diarrheal (~structure to meperidine)
(Binds mu opiate receptors –> slow gastric motility)
(combined w/ atropine to decrease abuse)

53
Q

Octreotide is useful for _____________ diarrhea.

A

Secretory

54
Q

BB in thyrotoxicosis

A

BB decrease symapthetic impulses

BB also decrease peripheral conversion of T4 –> T3

55
Q

Aldolase reductase

A

Glucose –> sorbitol

Galactose –> galactitol

56
Q

Sorbitol metabolism

A

Glucose –> Sorbitol –> Fructose

most active in seminal vesicle: sperm use FRUCTOSE as primary energy source

57
Q

Insulin –> Receptor tyrosine kinase –> ?

A

Protein phosphatase-1

(dephosphorylates glycogen synthase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase.

58
Q

Ras gene mutation: which thyroid carcinoma?

A

Follicular.

59
Q

p53 gene mutation: which thyroid caricinoma?

A

Anaplastic.

60
Q

Bcl-2 mutation: which thyroid carcinoma?

A

Follicular.

61
Q

Picornaviridae

A

Rhinovirus: acid LABILE
Enterovirus: acid STABLE

62
Q

Chronic gastritis w/ antral sparing

A

Autoimmune gastritis

63
Q

Chronic antral-predominant gastritis

A

H. pylori

64
Q

Gastric ulcers m/c located at?

A

Lesser curvature.

65
Q

Rectum is ALWAYS involved in Crohn’s or Ulcerative colitis?

A

Ulcerative colitis

66
Q

Cytokines that DOWN-regulate local cytokine production and inflammatory rxns

A

TGF-beta

IL-10

67
Q

DOC for mucormycosis

A

Amphotericin B

68
Q

Amphotericin B: most notorious A/E

A

Renal toxicity

renal vasoCONSTRICTION –> decrease GFR, ATN, HYPOkalemia, HYPOmagnesemia

69
Q

Amphotericin B should be administered w?

A

Potassium

Magnesium

70
Q

Sporadic renal cell carcinoma: also has this mutation?

A 
VHL gene 
(deletion on chromosome 3p)
71
Q

Rb gene is on?
NF-1 gene is on?
VHL gene is on?
WT-1 gene is on?

A

Rb 13
NF 17
VHL 3
WT 11

72
Q

Thiazides work at?

A

DCT

inhibit apical Na/Cl symporter

73
Q

Filtration fraction

A

GRF/RPF
or
(creatinine clearance)/(PAH clearance)

74
Q

Clearance

A

(Urine cc)(Urine Flow Rate)/(Plasma cc)

75
Q

Creatinine or Inulin clearance estimates?

A

GFR

76
Q

PAH clearance estimates

A

RPF

PLASMA flow, NOT blood flow

77
Q

PAH

A

ALL PAH excreted
(freely filtered and secreted)
=RPF

78
Q

Creatinine

A

Freely filtered
NOT secreted, NOT reabsorbed
=GFR

79
Q

60-40-20

A

60=water
40=INTRAcellular
20=EXTRAcellular (plasma + interstitial)

80
Q

Serum osmolarity

A

290mOsm/L

81
Q

Plasma volume estimated by?

Extracellular volume estimated by?

A

Albumin=plasma

Inulin = EXTRAcellular volume

82
Q

MOST dilute of nephron

A

DCT

relatively IMpermeable to water, solute continued to be absorbed

83
Q

Primase

A

DNA-dependent RNA polymerase

84
Q

Subacute thyroiditis: iodine uptake

A

DECREASED

cause thyrotoxicosis due to increased RELEASE of thyroid hormone, NOT production

85
Q

Thyroid:

Mixed, cellular infiltarte w/ occasional multinucleate giant cell

A

Subacute thyroiditis (granulomatous thyroiditis)

86
Q

Thyroid:

Diffuse MONOnuclear infiltration w/ formation of GERMINAL CENTERs

A

Chornic lymphocytic thyroiditis

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

87
Q

Elevated ESR
TENDER thyroid
Granulomatous

A

Subacute thyroiditis

88
Q

NONtender thyroid
Rubbery texture
Anti-thyroid peroxidase autoantibody
Normal ESR

A

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

89
Q

Winter’s formula

A

Co2= 1.5Bicarb+8 (+/-2)

90
Q

Acute salicylate intoxication

A

Acute respiratory ALKalosis –>
Metabolic ACIDosis –>
if vomiting: metabolic ALKalosis

91
Q

Nephron: most susceptible to renal ischemia

A

Proximal tubule

TAL

92
Q

Papillary necrosis is a/w?

A

DM
Analgesic nephropathy
Sickle cell dz

93
Q

Minimize radiocontrast-induced allergic nephrotoxicity

A

Prednisone

94
Q

Acyclovir and kidney

A

Crystalline nephropathy if adequate HYDRATION not provided

95
Q

Acute renal allograft rejection

A

Antibody OR cell-mediated

LYMPHOCYTIC infiltration

96
Q

Rituximab

A

Anti-CD20

ri “TU” ximab = Twenty

97
Q

Muromonab (OKT3)

A

Anti-CD3
(inhibit T-lymphocytes)
(Tx of acute rejection w/ kidney, heart, liver transplants)

98
Q

Express receptors for:
MHC class II
IL-2

A

CD4+ T lymphocytes

99
Q

Leads to INSULIN release (cell MOA)

A

ATP –> KATP channel –> KATP channel CLOSE

Cell depol –> VG-Ca2+ channel open –> INSULIN RELEASE

100
Q

Digoxin: clearance

A

KIDNEY!

UWorld (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions