Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

UWorld > Set 12 (Endocrine) > Flashcards

Set 12 (Endocrine) Flashcards

1
Q

Prolactinoma: GnRH, FSH/LH

A

Prolactin suppress GnRH!!!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Prevent thyroid absorption of radioactive iodine isotopes

A

Potassium iodide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Permanent DI

A

Damage to hypothalamus

Posterior pituitary = transient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Defense to Candida: local vs systemic

A

Local via T cells

Systemic via NEUTROPHILS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Retroperitoneal hematoma in STABLE patient

A

Pancreatic injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Solid organs of the RETROperitoneum

A

Pancreas (NOT tail)

Kidney + Adrenal glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Hollow organs of RETROperitoneum

A

2, 3, 4 of duodenum
Ascending and Descending colon
Bladder + Ureters
Rectum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Splenic artery is a branch of?

A

Celiac trunk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Supply MIDDLE pt of greater curvature of stomach

A

Left gastroepiploic artery (of splenic artery)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Supply UPPER pt of greater curvature of stomach

A

SHORT gastric branch (of splenic artery)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Neurophysins

A

Post-translational processing of Oxytoxin and ADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Exaggerated response to ADH is a A/E of?

A

Carbamazepine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Non-bloody diarrhea

Perianal fistulae

A

Crohn’s disease

Think: Crohn’s is NOT “ulcerative” thus NOT bloody

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Rectum is ALWAYS involved in UC or CD?

A

Ulcerative COLITIS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Essential fructosuria: main method of metabolizing fructose is via?

A

Hexokinase

Fructose –> Fructose-6-phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Aldolase reductase

A

Glucose –> sorbitol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

DOC for Giardia lamblia

A

Metronidazole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

m/c diarrhea in campers/hikers

A

Giardia lamblia

cysts in stool sample

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Albendazole: tx of?

A

Tapeworm (cestode)

Echinococcus granulosus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Mebendazole: tx of?

A

Round worms

Ancylostoma, Ascaris, Enterobius

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Boy
Rectal bleeding/intestinal obstruction
Blind pouch connecting to ileum (attached to umbilicus by fibrous band)

A

Meckel’s diverticulum

TRUE diverticula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Alpha helix
+
Hydrophobic amino acids

A

Integral membrane proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Metyrapone

A

Block cortisol synthesis (inhibit 11B hydroxylase)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

3 UNIdirectional enzyme in generation of pyruvate (glycolysis)

A

Hexokinase
Phosphofructokinase
Pyruvate kinase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Gluconeogenesis: 4 enzymes to bypass glycolysis 3 uni-directional enzymes
Pyruvate carboxylase Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase Fructase 1,6 bisphosphatase Glucose-6-phosphatase
26
SER
Lipid synthesis Detox Carbohydrate metabolism
27
High serum level of 17-OH progesterone
Diagnostic for 21OH deficiency
28
VIP
Increase CHLORIDE loss in stool (Na, K, Water follows) Increase bicarbonate secretion Inhibit gastric H+ secretion
29
Pancreatic cholera or WDHA syndrome
Watery diarrhea Hypokalemia Achlorhydria (this is: VIPoma)
30
Decreased exercize tolerance Myoglobinuria Muscle pain w/ physical activity
McArdle's syndrome (type 5 glycogen storage disease) | Myophosphorylase deficiency
31
G6P --> 6-phosphogluconate
G6PD | hexose monophosphate pathway --> maintain NADPH, pentose sugar for nucleotide synthesis
32
Intestine: NONcaseating granuloma
Crohn's disease | also has: serpiginous ulcerations, cobblestone appearance, transmural inflammatory infiltrate
33
TZD: main A/E
Fluid retention and Weigt gain | Precipitation of CHF
34
Metformin and Rosiglitazone: MOA
Increase target tissue sensitivity to insulin
35
Sulfonylureas: MOA
Insulin secretagogues
36
PAS+ | Diastase-resistant
Tropheryma whippelii
37
Must be checked before TZD tx? Metformin tx?
Metformin: creatinine (renal function) TZD: hepatic function
38
Colitis-associated carcinomas are more likely to be?
Arise from NON-polylpoid dysplastic lesions Multifocal Early p53, Late APC gene mutation HIGHER grade
39
Sporadic colorectal carcinoma: gene mutation
Early APC, Late p53 | However, UC: opposite sequence
40
Phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase
Norepinephrine --> Epinephrine | Under control of cortisol
41
Epinephrine or Norepinephrine: synthesized mainly by ADRENAL
Epinephrine = adrEnal
42
PEPCK requires?
GTP | which can be made in the succinyl CoA --> succinate step in TCA
43
Tamoxifen: SERM
Breast: anti-estrogenic. Endometrium: increased incidence of endometrial cancer. Bone: useful for osteoporosis (estrogen AGONIST) Favorable effect on serum lipid profile though increased incidence of thromboembolic disease. (Good for breast, bone, lipid) (Bad for endometrium, thromboembolic dz)
44
Hyperammonemia and brain
Depletion of glutaMATE and alpha-ketoglutarate in Ammonia detoxification (no Krebs b/c alpha-keto depleted) Accumulation of glutaMINE.
45
H. pylori typically found in GREATEST cc in?
PREpyloric area of gastric antrum
46
Sheets of malignant cells in an amyloid stroma.
Medullar thyroid carcinoma.
47
Chronic inflammation w/ germinal centers and Hurthle cells
Hashimoto's thyroiditis
48
Hard, fixed thyroid | Extensive fibrosis
Riedel's thyroiditis
49
Granulomatous thyroiditis
Subacute thyroiditis (de Quervain's)
50
Mild abdominal cramping w/ low fever and diarrhea Then: salmon-colored "rose spots" and HSM Then: hemorrhagic diarrhea and sepsis
Salmonella typhyi/parathyphi
51
IgA protease
N. meningitidis | IgA normally bind and inhibit action of pili and fimbriae that mediate attachment to mucosa
52
Acid alpha gluosidase deficiency
``` Pompe disease (type 2 glycogen storage dz) (Hepatomegaly, Cardiomegaly, Risk for cirrhosis) ```
53
High levels of delta-aminolevulinic acid
``` Lead poisoning (Succinyl-CoA + glycine + pyridoxal phosphate) ```
54
Biotin: cofactor for?
Carboxylation rxn | acetyl-CoA carboxylase, pyruvate carboxylase
55
Hyper-prolactinemia is A/E of which anti-psychotic med?
Risperidone
56
Amenorrhea HYPOestrogenism Elevated serum gonadotropin levels <40
Premature ovarian failure
57
Estrogen and Thyroid hormone
Estrogen --> increase TBG | Increase TBG --> increase TOTAL T4 and T3, free T4 and T3=normal!
58
Linitis plastica
"Leather bottle stomach" = signet-ring carcinoma of stomach. | diffuse involvement of stomach wall
59
Schilling test
Diagnose PERNICIOUS anemia (IF deficient) | Determines cause of abnormal vitB12 absorption.
60
Celiac dz involves what area?
``` Small intestine (flattening of mucosa w/ loss of villi) ```
61
Peyer's patches are found in what region of SI?
Ileum
62
Non-neoplastic polyps of colon
Hyperplastic Hamartomatous Inflammatory
63
Corkscrew esophagus
Diffuse esophageal spasm
64
Amatoxin
Poisonous mushroom | Potent inhibitor of RNA polymerase II (mRNA)
65
RNA polymerase 1, 2, 3
1: rRNA 2: mRNA 3: tRNA
66
Superior mesenteric artery syndrome: affect what portion of duodenum?
Transverse (trapped between aorta and SMA)
67
Superior mesenteric artery syndrome occur due to?
Diminished mesenteric fat Pronounced LORDosis Surgical correction of scoliosis
68
rT3
Peripheral conversion of T4 --> T3 | T3 can NOT form rT3
69
Uptake of glucose is by means of?
Facilitated diffusion (preference for D-glucose)
70
LDL receptor uptake of cholesterol is by means of?
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
71
Meissner vs. Auerbach plexus
Meissner: subMUCOSAL: SENSORY Auerbach: myenteric (in muscularis externa): MOTOR
72
Bilious vomiting in infant Failure to pass meconium Bowel filled, RECTUM EMPTY
Hirschsprung disease | rectum and anus ALWAYS involved
73
Courvoisier sign
Palpable but NONtender gallbladder | Pancreatic cancer
74
MOST important environmental risk factor for PANCREATIC cancer.
SMOKING!!! | age, chronic pancreatitis, DM, genetics = other risks
75
Opioid analgesic | Biliary colic
2/2 contraction of smooth muscle in Sphincter of Oddi
76
Opioid of choice in biliary and pancreatic pain
Meperidine | opioid w/ less sphincter of Oddi constriction
77
High cc of fructose 2,6 bisphosphate
Inhibit glucoNEOgenesis (and glucogenic conversion fo ALA --> glucose) Promote glycolysis
78
Lactate dehydrogenase
Anaerobic: Pyruvate --> Lactate | REGENERATE NAD+ (required for anaerobic glycolysis to continue)
79
Synthesis of carnitine requires?
VitC | Lysine + Methionine
80
Amenorrhea in patients w/ anorexia nervosa
Deficiency in HYPOTHALAMIC GnRH release!
81
MHC I vs. MHC II: expressed in ALL nucleated cells
MHC I is expressed on everything! MHC II is only on professional APC (think: 2 is the helper, so NOT everywhere)
82
MHC I vs. MHC II: antigen presentation
1: endogenous pathway (proteasome) 2: acidified lysosome
83
99mmTc-pertechnetate scan
Detects presence of gastric mucosa | accumulation in RLQ --> diagonistic for Meckel diverticulum
84
Colicky abdominal pain | "Current jelly" stool
Intussusception
85
SCC of esophagus: main risk factors
ALCOHOL and TOBACCO (USA) | N-nitroso-containing food (betel nuts)-ASIA
86
``` Esophageal web (--> dysphagia) Iron deficiency anemia Beefy-red tongue (atrophic glossitis) ```
Plummer-Vinson syndrome | a/w esophageal SCC
87
Amino acids w/ 3 titratable protons
Histidine, Arginine, Lysine Aspartate, glutamate Cysteine, Tyrosine
88
Most frequent inborn metabolic error in Japan
Deficiency of histidase
89
Cytosine deamination Adenine deamination Guanine deamination
C --> U A --> xanthine G --> hypoxanthine
90
Correct defect in SINGLE bases
Base excision repair | glycosylase --> endonuclease --> lyase --> DNA poly --> ligase
91
DOC for HepC
Ribavirin and Interferon alpha (Ribavirin: hypermutation, inhibit RNA polymerase, depletes GTP, defective 5'cap formation, more effective immune response)
92
Indinavir
Viral protease inhibitor
93
Raltegravir
Integrase inhibitor
94
Amantadine
Impairs UNCOATING of influenza A after host cell endocytosis
95
Enfuvirtide
Prevention of viral entry into target cells
96
Thyroid hormone: receptors
NUCLEAR receptors
97
NF-kB
Cytokine production
98
Watery born gastroenteritis w/ high mortality | Gram-, Oxidase +, highly ALKALINE media
Vibrio cholera
99
Esophageal varices
Left gastric v. | Esophageal v.
100
Hemorrhoids
Superior rectal v. | Middle & Inferior rectal v.
101
Caput medusae
Paraumbilical v. | Superficial and Inferior epigastric v.
102
NADPH oxidase deficiency
CGD
103
Gonadotroph adenomas
usually do NOT overproduce FSH and LH. (overproduce alpha subunit only) Thus: present as MASS effect and HYPOgonadism.
104
Most NON-secretory pituitary adenomas arise from?
Gonadotrophs | tend to grow slowly
105
Magnesium and PTH
Increase magnesium --> increase PTH | SEVERE HYPOmagnesium --> decrease PTH
106
PTU vs. Methimazole
BOTH inhibits thyroid peroxidase | ONLY PTU also inhibit peripheral T4 --> T3
107
Annular pancreas is 2/2
Abnormal migration of VENTRAL pancreatic bud
108
Pancreas: embryologically from?
Ventral and dorsal pancreatic bud from duodenal part of the FOREGUT!
109
X-linked agammaglobulinemia: esp. prone to?
Recurrent Lower respiratory tract infection | Giardia lamblia infection
110
D-xylose
MONOsaccharide | Differentiates btwn malabsorption of pancreatic vs. GI mucosal etiology
111
Anastrozole
Aromatase inhibitor | Aromatase: androgen --> estrogen
112
Peptic ulcers are MOST common in?
Duodenum
113
Lactase deficiency: stool osmotic gap
LARGE (>100 mOsm/kg)
114
Cobalamin
VitB12
115
Bile acid recycled in?
Terminal ileum | which is most affected in Crohn's
116
Primary site of lactate clearance
Liver
117
Septic shock: lactic acidosis
Septic shock=impaired tissue oxygenation --> decrease oxidative phosphorylation --> shunting toward lactate production
118
Dependent lung consolidation | Superior regions of lower lobe, posterior regions of upper lobe
Aspiration pneumonia
119
Adrenal crisis: tx?
Stress-dose corticosteroid | vasopressors effect are suboptimal since corticosteroids have PERMISSIVE effect on vasoconstriction
120
HYPOtension, TACHYcardic, HYPOglycemic Vomiting/abdominal pain/WL HYPERpigmentation
Adrenal crisis
121
Reflux esophagitis: histology
Elongation of papillae Basal cell hypertrophy Intraepithelial eosinophils (repeated injury --> Barrett esophagus)
122
Adenoma-carcinoma sequence (colon)
APC (increase RISK) KRAS (polyp) p53/COX (progression to carcinoma)
123
Calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis: increased risk in UC or CD?
Crohn's disease
124
Biotin is required in?
Carboxylation reactions (Pyruvate carboxylase: pyruvate --> oxaloacetate) (Proprionyl CoA carboxylase: valine --> succinyl CoA)
125
Excessive raw egg white (avidin) consumption?
Biotin deficiency.

UWorld (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions