Session 9- Applied Anatomy of the Nose, Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Air sinuses

Question 1

what is the significance of the bony projections

Answer 1

slows airflow by causing turbulence of airflow

increase surface area over which air passes

Question 2

what bony projections are there

Answer 2

superior middle inferior AKA conchae

Question 3

what bones form the roof of the nasal cavity PA

Answer 3

sphenoid
ethmoid
frontal bone
nasal bone

Question 4

what is the transsphenoidal surgocal approach

Answer 4

endoscope is placed through nose through nasal cavity then through sphenoid bone to gain access to pituitary gland

Question 5

what forms the nasal septum

Answer 5

perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone and vomer bone

Question 6

what is a septal haematoma

Answer 6

cartilage of nasal septum recieves blood supply from overlying perichondrium

injury to nose can buckle septum and shears blood vessels

blood accumulates sub-perichondrium…depriving underlying cartilage of its blood supply

Question 7

what is a saddle nose deformity

Answer 7

untreated septal haemotoma leads to avascular necrosis of cartilaginous septum
-saddling of nasal dorsum

Question 8

sensory innervation to nose and nasal cavity

Answer 8

trigeminal- maxillary

Question 9

what epithelium covers the roof of the nasal cavity

Answer 9

olfactory mucous membranes- contains dendrites of olfactory nerves

Question 10

what role does the resp epithelium play

Answer 10

filters, humidifies and warms air

pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium

Question 11

what are nasal polyps

Answer 11

fleshy, benign swellings of nasal muscosa

Question 12

symptoms of nasal polyp

Answer 12

blocked nose and watery rhinorrhea
post-nasal drip
decreased smell and reduced taste

Question 13

what is rhinitis

Answer 13

an inflammation of the nasal mucosal lining

Question 14

symotoms of rhinitis

Answer 14

nasal congestion
rhinorrhoea
sneezing 
nasal irritation
postnasal drip

Question 15

what causes rhinitis

Answer 15

simple acute infective rhinitis- usually viral

allergic rhinitis

Question 16

what is epistaxis

Answer 16

nose bleed

Question 17

where does the arterial supply to the nose arise from

Answer 17

branches of opthalmic artery and maxillary artery

Question 18

what is the kiesselbach’s plexus

Answer 18

arterial anastomoses in anterior septum

Question 19

what is the most common source of bleeding in epitaxis

Answer 19

kiesselbach’s plexus

Question 20

where do the veins drain into in the nasal cavity

Answer 20

pterygoid venous plexus

Question 21

what are paranasal sinuses

Answer 21

air filled spaces that are extensions of nasal cavity

Question 22

what lines the paranasal sinuses

Answer 22

resp muscosa - pseudostraitfied columnar epithelium

Question 23

where do paranasal sinuses drain

Answer 23

nasal cavity via ostia into the meatus

Question 24

which sinus is most commonly affected in sinusistis

Answer 24

maxillary sinus

Question 25

what are the 4 paranasal sinuses

Answer 25

frontal ethmoid sphenoid and maxillary

Question 26

what provides general sensory innervation to the fronal, ethmoidal and sphenoid sinus

Answer 26

Va- OPTHALMIC

Question 27

what provides general sensory innervation to the maxillary

Answer 27

Vb- maxillary

Question 28

what is acute sinusitis

Answer 28

symptomatic inflammation of mucosal lining of nasal cavity and paranasal air sinuses

Question 29

pathophysiology of acute sinusitis

Answer 29

primary infection leads to reduced cilary function, oedema of nasal mucosa and sinus ostia

drainage from sinus is impeded

stagnant secretions within the sinus become ideal breading ground for bacteria