Session 3- Meningeal Layers, Dural Folds and Dural Venous sinuses

Question 1

What are the meninges

Answer 1

Three membranous layers that surround and protect the brain and spinal cord

Question 2

Order of layers of meninges

Answer 2

Pia Mater
Arachnoid mater
Dura mater

Question 3

what are the leptomeninges

Answer 3

pia mater and arachnoid mater

Question 4

what does meningitis affect

Answer 4

the leptomeninges

Question 5

where is the subarachnoid space

Answer 5

between the Pia mater and arachnoid mater

Question 6

dura

Answer 6

tough outer fibrous layer

Question 7

arachnoid

Answer 7

soft fibrous translucent membrane

Question 8

pia

Answer 8

microscopically thin, delicate adherent to surface of brain follows every fold

Question 9

where is the potential subdural space

Answer 9

between the dura and arachnoid

Question 10

what is contained in the subarachnoid space

Answer 10

CSF

cerebral vessels

Question 11

what is the dura made up of

Answer 11

the meningeal layer - part adjacent to arachnoid

the periosteal layer - part against the inner table of bone

Question 12

what does separation of the layers of dura form

Answer 12

dural folds

dural venous sinuses

Question 13

what are dural venous sinuses

Answer 13

spaces which are filled with venous blood = Venous channels

Question 14

what are the two dura folds

Answer 14

falx cerebri

tentorium cerebelli

Question 15

what are dural folds

Answer 15

partitions that help to stabilise the brain and act as rigid dividers

Question 16

where do dural venous sinuses get their blood from and drain into

Answer 16

cerebral veins

internal jugular veins

Question 17

what are the two important venous connections between the dural venous sinuses

Answer 17

cerebral veins via bridging veins

scalp veins via emissary veins

Question 18

what is the course of bridging veins

Answer 18

they transverse the subdural space and where it crosses is the point of weakness

Question 19

subdural space

Answer 19

potential space between the dura and arachnoid

Question 20

what are the three kinds intracranial haemorrhage

Answer 20

extradural
subdural
subarachnoid

Question 21

what is an intracerebral haemorrhage

Answer 21

bleeding occurring within the brain tissue itself

Question 22

consequence of intracranial haemorrhage

Answer 22

addition of volume to an already fixed space leads to a rise in pressure and damage to brain tissue, brainstem and other important structures

Question 23

what blood vessel is damaged in a extradural haemorrhage

Answer 23

middle meningeal artery

Question 24

where does the middle meningeal artery run

Answer 24

in close proximity to the pterion- thinnest part of the skull

Question 25

where does a extradural haemorrhage appear the way it does on a CT

Answer 25

when the middle meningeal artery starts to bleed it strips the periosteal layer of dura- can’t strip the sutures to pinch in and expands convexly

Question 26

where does the middle meningeal run

Answer 26

between the periosteal dura and inner table of bone

Question 27

what causes subdural haemorrhage

Answer 27

venous bleed usually from bridging veins

Question 28

why does a subdural haemorrhage have a crescent shape

Answer 28

can fill subdural space no limitations

crescent shape

Question 29

what causes a subarachnoid haemorrhage

Answer 29

secondary to trauma or spontaneous rupture of blood vessel
-branch of ‘circle of willis’

blood leaks in the subarachnoid space mixing with CSF

CEREBRAL ARTERIES - ANEURYSM

Question 30

how can you differentiate between the types of intracranial haemorrhage

Answer 30

extradural- fine for a while then slowly deteriorate

subdural- gradual deterioation

subarachnoid- not normal associated with trauma more menigies

Question 31

what blood vessel causes a extradural haemorrhage

Answer 31

middle meningeal - runs between the periosteal dura and inner table of bone

Question 32

what is the source of ten bleed in a subdural haemorrhage

Answer 32

bridging veins

-point of weakness is where it drains into the dural venous sinus