Session 1.2i - Gray's Anatomy for Students - Thorax - Regional anatomy - Mediastinum (Part II) Flashcards
What does the right ventricle form in the heart?
In the anatomical position, it forms
- most of the anterior surface of the heart
- a portion of the diaphragmatic surface
What is the orientation of the right atrium?
To the right of the right ventricle
The right ventricle is located in front of and to the left of the right atrioventricular orifice
What direction does blood entering the right ventricle from the right atrium move in?
A horizontal and forward direction (due to the anatomical position of the right ventricle and right atrium)
What does the outflow tract of the right ventricle lead to?
The pulmonary trunk
What is the outflow tract of the right ventricle, which leads to the pulmonary trunk, known as?
The CONUS ARTERIOSUS (INFUNDIBULUM)
What is the conus arteriosus also known as?
INFUNDIBULUM
What is the infundibulum also known as?
CONUS ARTERIOSUS
Describe the walls of the infundibulum.
This area has smooth walls
Where is the infundibulum derived from?
The embryonic bulbus cordis.
What is found on the walls of the inflow portion of the right ventricle?
Numerous muscular, irregular structures
What are the structures found on the walls of the inflow portion of the right ventricle called?
TRABECULAE CARNEAE (Fig. 3.64)
What are the trabeculae carneae?
Numerous muscular, irregular structures found on the inflow portion of the right ventricle (Fig. 3.64).
How are the trabeculae carneae attached to the ventricular walls?
Most of these are either attached to the ventricular walls
- throughout their length; forming ridges
or
- attached at both ends; forming bridges
What are the trabeculae carneae which only have one end attached to the ventricular surface called?
PAPILLARY MUSCLES
What are papillary muscles?
Trabeculae carneae which only have one end attached to the ventricular surface, while the other end serves as the point of attachment for the chordae tendineae.
One end of the trabeculae carneae attaches to the ventricular surface. What does the other end attach to?
The other end serves as the point of attachment for the chordae tendineae.
What are the chordae tendineae?
Tendon-like fibrous cords
Where are the chordae tendineae found?
At the free edges of the cusps of the tricuspid valve.
What are the tendon-like fibrous cords found at the edges of the tricuspid valve called?
CHORDAE TENDINEAE
How many papillary muscles are there in the right ventricle?
Three
How are the papillary muscles named?
Relative to their point of origin on the ventricular surface
What are the 3 papillary muscles in the right ventricle called?
- ANTERIOR
- POSTERIOR
- SEPTAL
PAPILLARY MUSCLE
Describe the anterior papillary muscle.
It is the largest and most constant papillary muscle
Where does the anterior papillary muscle arise?
From the anterior wall of the ventricle
Describe the posterior papillary muscle.
This may consist of one, two, or three structures, with some chordae tendineae arising directly from the ventricular wall.
Describe the septal papillary muscle.
This is the most inconsistent papillary muscle, being either small or absent, with chordae tendineae emerging directly from the septal wall.
What papillary muscle is the largest?
Anterior papillary muscle
Which papillary muscle is the most constant?
Anterior papillary muscle
Which papillary muscle consists of 1-3 structures?
Posterior papillary muscle
Which papillary muscle is the most inconsistent, being either small or absent?
Septal papillary muscle
What is the septomarginal trabecula?
A single specialised trabeculum (a band of connective tissue)
What is the septomarginal trabecula also known as?
MODERATOR BAND
What is the moderator band also known as?
The SEPTOMARGINAL TRABECULA
Where does the septomarginal trabecula lie?
Forms a bridge between the lower portion of the INTERVENTRICULAR SEPTUM and the base of the anterior papillary muscle.
What does the septomarginal trabecula carry?
A portion of the cardiac conduction system
What portion of the cardiac conduction system does the septomarginal trabecula carry?
The right bundle of the atrioventricular bundle
Where does the septomarginal trabecula carry the right bundle of the AV bundle to?
The anterior wall of the right ventricle
What closes the right atrioventricular orifice during ventricular contraction?
TRICUSPID VALVE (RIGHT ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVE)
What does the tricuspid valve do?
Closes the right AV orifice during ventricular contraction.
What is the tricuspid valve also known as?
RIGHT ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVE
What is the right atrioventricular valve also known as?
TRICUSPID VALVE
Why is the tricuspid valve so named?
Because it usually consists of three cusps or leaflets (Fig. 3.64).
What is the base of each tricuspid valve cusp secured to?
The fibrous ring that surrounds the atrioventricular orifice.
What does the fibrous ring that surrounds the AV orifice do?
Helps to maintain the shape of the opening.
Where are the cusps of the tricuspid valve continuous with each other?
Near their bases at sites termed COMMISSURES
Google IMG: commissures heart
How are the tricuspid valve cusps named?
Based on their relative position in the right ventricle
What are the cusps of the tricuspid valve called?
ANTERIOR,
SEPTAL and
POSTERIOR CUSPS
What are the free margins of the tricuspid valve cusps attached to?
The chordae tendineae
Where do the chordae tendineae arise from?
The tips of the papillary muscles
When is the tricuspid valve open?
During filling of the right ventricle
During filling of the right ventricle, the tricuspid valve is ____
Open
Where do the cusps of the tricuspid valve project into when the tricuspid valve is open?
The three cusps project into the right ventricle.
Why do we need a compensating mechanism for the tricuspid valves?
Without the presence of a compoensating mechanism, when the ventricular musculature contracts, the valve cusps would be forced upward with the flow of blood and blood would move back into the right atrium.
How is blood flow prevented from moving back into the right atrium upon ventricular contraction?
Contraction of the papillary muscles attached to the cusps of the tricuspid valves by chordae tendineae prevents the cusps from being everted into the right atrium.
What is the function of the papillary muscles and associated chordae tendineae?
To keep the valves closed during the dramatic changes in ventricular size that occur during ventricular contraction (preventing backflow from the right ventricle into the right atrium).
Chordae tendinae from how many papillary muscles attach to each cusp?
Two papillary muscles
Why is it important chordae tendinae from two papillary muscles attach to each cusp?
This helps prevent separation of the cusps during ventricular contraction.
Why is it essential to have proper closing of the tricuspid valve?
This causes blood to exit the right ventricle and move into the pulmonary trunk.
What is the infundibulum?
The outflow tract of the right ventricle
What is found at the apex of the infundibulum?
The PULMONARY VALVE (Fig. 3.64)
What does the pulmonary valve separate>
The apex of the infundibulum (outflow tract of right ventricle) and the opening into the pulmonary trunk.
What does the pulmonary valve consist of?
Three SEMILUNAR CUSPS
Where do the free edges of the semilunar cusps (of the pulmonary valve) project into?
Upward into the lumen of the pulmonary trunk
What does the free superior edge of each semilunar cusp (pulmonary valve) have?
The NODULE OF THE SEMILUNAR CUSP and the LUNULA OF THE SEMILUNAR CUSP (Fig. 3.65).
Where is the nodule of the semilunar cusp found?
The free superior edge of the semilunar cusp (pulmonary valve)
Where is the lunula of the semilunar cusp?
The free superior edge of the semilunar cusp (pulmonary valve)
Describe the nodule of the semilunar cusp.
The middle, thickened portion of the superior edge of the semilunar cusp (Fig. 3.65)
Describe the lunula of the semilunar cusp.
The thin lateral portion of the superior edge of the semilunar cusp (Fig. 3.65).
What is the middle thickened portion of the superior edge of the semilunar cusp on the tricuspid valve called?
NODULE OF THE SEMILUNAR CUSP
What is the thin lateral portion of the superior edge of the semilunar cusp on the tricuspid valve called?
LUNULA OF THE SEMILUNAR CUSP
What are the 3 cusps of the pulmonary valve called?
LEFT,
RIGHT and
ANTERIOR SEMILUNAR CUSPS
How are the semilunar cusps of the pulmonary valve named?
Relative to their foetal position before rotation of the outflow tracts from the ventricles is complete.
What does each cusp of the pulmonary valve form?
A pocket-like sinus (Fig. 3.65) - a dilation in the wall of the initial portion of the pulmonary trunk.
What are the pocket-like sinuses formed by the pulmonary valve called?
PULMONARY SINUSES
What happens to the pulmonary sinuses after ventricular contraction?
After ventricular contraction, the recoil of blood fills these PULMONARY SINUSES and forces the cusps closed.
What is the function of the pulmonary sinuses?
Recoil of blood fills these sinuses and forces the cusps closed, after ventricular contraction. This prevents blood in the pulmonary trunk from refilling the right ventricle.
What does the left atrium form?
Most of the base or posterior surface of the heart
How is the left atrium derived?
As with the right atrium, the left atrium is derived embryologically from two structures.
What does the posterior half, or inflow portion, of the left atrium receive?
The four pulmonary veins (Fig. 3.66).
The four pulmonary veins enter the left atrium where?
In the posterior half, or inflow portion.
Describe the walls of the inflow portion (posterior half) of the left atrium,
Smooth-walled