Session 1.2f - Gray's Anatomy for Students - Thorax - Regional anatomy - Pleural cavities - Lungs Flashcards
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What are the lungs?
Two organs of respiration
What do the lungs lie on either side of?
The mediastinum
What are the lungs surrounded by?
The right and left pleural cavities
How does air enter and leave the lungs?
Via main bronchi
Main bronchi are branches of ___
the trachea.
What delivers deoxygenated blood to the lungs?
The pulmonary arteries
The pulmonary arteries deliver _______ blood to the lungs from the ___ ___ __ _ ____
deoxygenated blood to the lungs from the right ventricle of the heart.
Where does oxygenated blood return to the heart?
The left atrium
How does oxygenated blood return to the left atrium?
Via the pulmonary veins
Which lung is larger?
The right lung is normally a little larger than the left
Why is one lung bigger than the other?
The right lung is normally larger because the middle mediastinum, containing the heart, bulges more to the left than to the right.
What does each lung have?
A half-cone shape, with a base, apex, two surfaces and three borders (Fig. 3.39).
Where is the base of the lung?
The BASE sits on the diaphragm.
Where is the apex of the lung?
The APEX projects above rib I and into the root of the neck.
What are the two surfaces of the lung?
- COSTAL SURFACE
- MEDIASTINAL SURFACE
Where is the costal surface of the lung?
Lies immediately adjacent to the ribs and intercostal spaces of the thoracic wall.
Where is the mediastinal surface of the lung?
Lies against the mediastinum anteriorly and the vertebral column posteriorly
What does the mediastinal surface of the lung contain?
The comma-shaped hilum of the lung, through which structures enter and leave.
What does the hilum of the lung do?
Allows structures to enter and leave.
What are the three borders of the lung?
- INFERIOR BORDER
- ANTERIOR and
- POSTERIOR BORDERS
Describe the inferior border of the lung.
Sharp and separates the base from the costal surface
What do the anterior and posterior borders separate?
The costal surface from the medial surface.
Which border(s) of the lung are sharp?
Anterior
Inferior
Which border(s) of the lung are smooth and rounded?
Posterior
Fig. 3.39
Label and caption the image.
Right lung, left lung
- Anterior border
- Costal surface
- Apex
- Hilum
- Bronchus
- Pulmonary artery
- Pulmonary veins
- Posterior border
- Mediastinal surface
- Inferior border
- Base (diaphragmatic surface)
Lungs.
Describe the relationship of the lungs and structures contained in the overlying area.
The lungs lie directly adjacent to, and are indented by the structures.
The heart and major vessels form bulges in the ____
mediastinum
The heart and major vessels of the mediastinum indent the ___ ____ of the ____
medial surfaces of the lung.
The ribs indent the ____ _____ of the lung.
Costal surfaces
Pathology, such as _______, or abnormalities in one structure can affect ___ _______ _________.
Tumours; the related structure
Describe the root of each lung.
A short tubular collection of structures that together attach the lung to structures in the mediastinum (Fig. 3.40).
What is the root of the lung covered by?
A sleeve of mediastinal pleura that reflects onto the surface of the lung as visceral pleura.
The region outlined by the mediastinal pleural reflection onto the ______ surface of the lung is the _____, where structures enter and leave.
Medial, HILUM.
Fig. 3.40
Label and caption the image.
Right lung, left lung
- Hilum
- Pulmonary artery
- Pulmonary veins
- Root
- Bronchus
- Pulmonary ligament
- Pulmonary artery (deoxygenated blood)
- Pulmonary veins (oxygenated blood)
Roots and hila of the lungs.
What projects inferiorly from the root of the lung?
A thin blade-like fold of pleura
Where does the pleura projecting inferiorly from the root of the lung extend?
From the hilum to the mediastinum
The thin blade-like fold of pleura that projects inferiorly from the root of the lung is known as what?
The PULMONARY LIGAMENT
What does the pulmonary ligament do?
Stabilise the position of the inferior lobe and may also accomodate the down-and-up translocation of structures in the root during breathing.
Where do the vagus nerves pass in the mediastinum?
Immediately posterior to the roots of the lungs
Where do the phrenic nerves pass in the mediastinum?
Immediately anterior to them
What is found within each root and located in the hilum?
- a pulmonary artery
- two pulmonary veins
- a main bronchus
- bronchial vessels
- nerves
- lymphatics
Describe the anatomical location of the pulmonary artery, veins and bronchi.
Generally, the pulmonary artery is superior at the hilum, the pulmonary veins are inferior, and the bronchi are somewhat posterior in position.
Which of these is most superior?
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary veins
Bronchi
Pulmonary artery
at the hilum
Which of these is most inferior?
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary veins
Bronchi
Pulmonary veins
Which of these is most posterior?
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary veins
Bronchi
Bronchi
Where does the lobar bronchus to the superior lobe branch on the right side?
From the main bronchus in the root
Where does the lobar bronchus to the superior lobe branch on the left side?
Within the lung itself
The lobar bronchus to the superior lobe is superior to ___?
The pulmonary artery
The right lung has _ lobes and _ fissures.
Three lobes and two fissures (Fig. 3.41A).
The right lobes are ____ _____ against each other because they are ____, almost to the hilum, by _____ of ____ ____
Normally, the lobes are freely movable against each other because they are separated, almost to the hilum, by invaginations of visceral pleura.
What are the fissures of the lung formed by?
Invaginations of thevisceral pleura
What are the fissures of the right lung?
- OBLIQUE FISSURE
- HORIZONTAL FISSURE
What is the oblique fissure?
The OBLIQUE FISSURE separates the INFERIOR LOBE (LOWER LOBE) from the SUPERIOR LOBE and the MIDDLE LOBE OF THE RIGHT LUNG
What is the horizontal fissure?
The HORIZONTAL FISSURE separates the superior lobe (UPPER LOBE) from the middle lobe.
Fig. 3.41A
Label and caption the image.
- Superior lobe
- Horizontal fissure
- Middle lobe
- Oblique fissure
- Inferior lobe
Right lung
Fig. 3.41B
Label and caption the image. Label anterior and posterior.
- SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY
- SUBCLAVIAN VEIN
- Right brachiocephalic vein
- Left brachiocephalic vein
- SUPERIOR VENA CAVA
- Pulmonary artery
- Pulmonary veins
- HEART
- INFERIOR VENA CAVA
- Diaphragm
- AZYGOS VEIN
- OESOPHAGUS
- Bronchus
- Bronchus to superior lobe
- Rib I
Major structures related to the right lung.
Where can the approximate position of the oblique fissure be found?
On a patient, in quiet respiration, this can be marked by a curved lin eon the thoracic wall that begins roughly at the spinous process of the vertebra TIV level of the spine, crosses the fith interspace laterally, and then follows the contour of rib VI anteriorly.
Where is the horizontal fissure found?
This follows the fourth intercostal space from the sternum until it meets the oblique fissure as it crosses rib V.
Why is it important to know the orientations of the oblique and horizontal fissures?
These determine where clinicians should listen for lung sounds from each lobe.
Where is the largest surface of the superior lobe in contact with?
The upper part of the anterolateral wall and the apex of this lobe projects into the root of the neck.
Where does the surface of the middle lobe lie mainly?
Adjacent to the lower anterior and lateral wall.
Where is the surface of the inferior lobe in contact with?
The costal surface is in contact with the posterior and inferior walls.
Where should you position your stethoscope to listen to lung sounds?
When listening to lung sounds from eaach of the lobes, it is important to position the stethoscope on those areas of the thoracic wall related to the underlying positions of the lobes.
What does the medial surface of the right lung lie adjacent to?
A number of important structures in the mediastinum and the root of the neck (Fig. 3.41B).
What are the structures that lie adjacent to the medial surface of the right lung?
- Heart
- Inferior vena cava
- Superior vena cava
- Azygos vein
- Oesophagus
Where do the right subclavian artery and vein run in relation to the lung?
They arch over and are related to the superior lobe of the right lung as they pass over the dome of the cervical pleura and into the axilla.
What do the right subclavian artery and vein pass over and into?
The dome of the cervical pleura into the axilla.
The left lung is _______ than the right lung
Smaller
The left lung has ___ lobes separated by _____
Two lobes separated by an oblique fissure (Fig. 3.42A).
Describe the oblique fissure of the left lung compared to the right.
The OBLIQUE FISSURE of the left lung is slightly more oblique than the corresponding fissure of the right lung.
Fig. 3.42A
Label and caption the image.
- Superior lobe
- Oblique fissure
- Inferior lobe
- Lingula
A. Left lung.
Fig. 3.42B
Label and caption the image.
Posterior, Anterior
- Rib I
- Bronchus
- OESOPHAGUS
- THORACIC AORTA
- LEFT SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY
- LEFT BRACHIOCEPHALIC VEIN
- AORTIC ARCH
- Pulmonary artery
- Pulmonary veins
- HEART
- Diaphragm
B. Major structures related to the left lung.
Where is the left oblique fissure approximated?
During quiet respiration, it can be marked by a curved line o nthe thoracic wall that begins between the spinous processes of vertebrae TIII and TIV, crosses the fifth interspace laterally, and follows the contour of rib VI anterior.
Why is it important to know where the oblique fissure of the lung is?
As with the right lung, the orientation of the oblique fissure determines where to listen for lung sounds from each lobe.
What is the largest surface of the left superior lobe in contact with?
The upper part of the anterolateral wall, and the apex of this lobe projects into the root of the neck.
What is the costal surface of the left inferior lobe in contact with?
The posterior and inferior walls.
Where do you place your stethoscope to listen to left lung sounds?
When listening to lungs sounds from each of the lobes, the stethoscope should be placed on those areas of the thoracic wall related to the underlying positions of the lobes.
Describe the inferior portion of the medial surface of the left lung.
Unlike the right lung, it is notched.
Why is the inferior portion of the left lung notched, but not the right?
Because of the heart’s projection into the left pleural cavity from the middle mediastinum.
What can you find from the anterior border of the lower part of the left superior lobe?
A tongue-like extension (the LINGULA OF THE LEFT LUNG) projects over the heart bulge.
What is the lungula of the left lung?
A tongue-like extension found at the anterior border of the lower part of the left superior lobe.