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ESA 3 - Respiratory > Session 1.1d - TeachMeAnatomy - Bones Of The Thorax - Sternum > Flashcards

Session 1.1d - TeachMeAnatomy - Bones Of The Thorax - Sternum Flashcards

1
Q

What is another name for sternum?

A

Breastbone

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2
Q

The breastbone is also known as?

A

The sternum

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3
Q

What type of bone is the sternum?

A

A flat bone

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4
Q

Where is the sternum located?

A

At the ANTERIOR ASPECT of the thorax, in the midline of the chest.

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5
Q

What ones the sternum look like?

A

It has a ‘T’ shape

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6
Q

What is the function of the sternum?

A

As part of the bony thoracic wall, the sternum helps PROTECT the internal thoracic viscera

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7
Q

Give examples of the internal thoracic viscera the sternum helps to protect.

A
  • Heart
  • Lungs
  • Oesophagus
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8
Q

The sternum can be divided into _____ parts: the _________, ____ and _______ _______.

A

Three parts: the MANUBRIUM, BODY and XIPHOID PROCESS

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9
Q

How are the parts of the sternum connected in children?

A

In children, these elements are joined by cartilage.

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10
Q

How are the parts of the sternum connected in adults?

A

In children, these elements are joined by cartilage. The cartilage ossifies to bone during adulthood.

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11
Q

What is the most superior portion of the sternum?

A

The MANUBRIUM

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12
Q

What shape is the manubrium.

A

TRAPEZOID

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13
Q

Which part of the manubrium is concave?

A

The superior aspect

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14
Q

Describe the superior aspect of the manubrium.

A

It is concave, producing a depression known as the JUGULAR NOTCH

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15
Q

Describe the jugular notch.

A

A concave depression on the superior aspect of the manubrium which is visible underneath the skin.

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16
Q

What lines either side of the jugular notch?

A

A large fossa lined with cartilage.

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17
Q

What do the fossa either side of the jugular notch articulate with?

A

The medial ends of the clavicles, forming the STERNOCLAVICULAR JOINTS.

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18
Q

What forms the sternoclavicular joint?

A

The medial ends of the clavicles articulate with large fossa lined with cartilage either side of the jugular notch (concave depression in manubrium; which is the superior part of the sternum).

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19
Q

What do you find on the lateral edges of the manubrium?

A

A FACET (cartilage lined depression in the bone)

And a DEMIFACET (half-facet)

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20
Q

What is a facet?

A

Cartilage lined depression in the bone

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21
Q

What do the facets on the lateral edges of the manubrium articulate with?

A

The costal cartilage of the 1st rib.

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22
Q

What do the costal cartilages of the 1st rib articulate with?

A

Facets (cartilage lined depression in the bone) on the lateral edges of the manubrium.

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23
Q

What is a demifacet?

A

A half-facet

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24
Q

What do the demifacets on the lateral edges of the manubrium articulate with?

A

Part of the costal cartilage of the 2nd rib

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25
Q

What do the costal cartilages of the 2nd rib articulate with?

A

Demifacets on the lateral edge of the manubrium

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26
Q

What does the manubrium articulate with inferiorly?

A

The body of the sternum, forming the STERNAL ANGLE.

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27
Q

What forms the sternal angle?

A

The inferior border of the manubrium articulates with the superior border of the sternum.

28
Q

How can the sternal angle be felt?

A

As a transverse ridge of bone on the anterior aspect of the sternum.

29
Q

What is the sternal angle useful for clinically?

A

As an aid to count ribs, as it marks the level of the 2nd costal cartilage.

30
Q

Describe the structure of the body of the sternum.

A

The BODY is flat and elongated - the largest part of the sternum.

31
Q

What is the largest part of the sternum?

A

The BODY

32
Q

What does the body articulate with?

A

The manubrium superiorly (manubriosternal joint) and the xiphoid process inferiorly (xiphisternal joint)

33
Q

What does the manubrium articulate with?

A
  • Medial ends of clavicles (STERNOCLAVICULAR JOINTS) - with fossa either side of the jugular notch at the superior of the sternum
  • Costal cartilage of 1st rib - with facets on the lateral edges of the manubrium
  • Costal cartilage of 2nd rib - with demifacets on the lateral edges of the manubrium
  • Body of the sternum (STERNAL ANGLE) - inferiorly
34
Q

The body of the sternum articulates with the _________ superiorly to form the _______________ ______

A

Manubrium, manubriosternal joint

35
Q

The body of the sternum articulates with the _______ ________ inferiorly to form the ____________ _____

A

Xiphoid process, xiphisternal joint

36
Q

What are the lateral edges of the body marked by?

A

Numerous ARTICULAR FACETS (cartilage lined depressions in the bone)

37
Q

Where are the articular facets of the body found?

A

On the lateral edges

38
Q

What do the articular facets of the body articulate with?

A

Costal cartilages of ribs 3-6

39
Q

As well as articular facets on the lateral edges of the body, there are some smaller facets. What are these known as?

A

Demifacets

40
Q

What do the demifacets of the body articulate with?

A

Parts of the second and seventh ribs.

41
Q

What is the xiphoid process?

A

The most inferior and smallest part of the sternum.

42
Q

How big is the xiphoid process?

A

It is variable in shape and size

43
Q

Where is the xiphoid process located?

A

At the level of the T10 vertebrae.

44
Q

Describe the structure of the xiphoid process.

A

It is largely cartilaginous in structure.

45
Q

What happens to the xiphoid process as you grow older?

A

It is largely cartilaginous in structure originally, but completely ossifies later in life.

46
Q

When does the xiphoid process ossify?

A

Around the age of 40

47
Q

In some individuals, the xiphoid process articulates with what?

A

Part of the costal cartilage of the seventh rib.

48
Q

Describe which ribs (their costal cartilages) articulate with which parts of the sternum.

A

Costal cartilages of rib:

1 - facet on lateral edge of manubrium
2 - demifacet on lateral edge of manubrium and body
3–6 - facet on lateral edge of body
7 - demifacet on lateral edge of body, and in some individuals, xiphoid process

49
Q

(Clinical Relevance: Fractures of the Sternum)

What are sternal fractures associated with?

A

Severe blunt trauma to the chest

50
Q

(Clinical Relevance: Fractures of the Sternum)

What situation could lead to a fracture of the sternum?

A

In a vehicular accident

51
Q

(Clinical Relevance: Fractures of the Sternum)

Describe the incidence of sternal fractures.

A

They are relatively uncommon.

52
Q

(Clinical Relevance: Fractures of the Sternum)

How will the sternum break in a fracture?

A

Typically, the sternum will break into several pieces - this type of fracture is classified as a COMMINUTED fracture.

53
Q

(Clinical Relevance: Fractures of the Sternum)

What is a comminuted fracture?

A

When a bone breaks into more than 2 pieces.

54
Q

(Clinical Relevance: Fractures of the Sternum)

Where is the most common site of fracture?

A

The MANUBRIOSTERNAL JOINT

55
Q

(Clinical Relevance: Fractures of the Sternum)

What is the manubriosternal joint?

A

Where the manubrium meets the body of the sternum.

56
Q

(Clinical Relevance: Fractures of the Sternum)

What happens to the fragments in a sternal fracture?

A

Despite the degree of damage to the sternum, the fragments are not usually displaced due to the attachment of the pectoralis muscles.

57
Q

(Clinical Relevance: Fractures of the Sternum)

Which muscles aid the sternum so the fragments aren’t displaced in a fracture?

A

The pectoralis muscles

58
Q

(Clinical Relevance: Fractures of the Sternum)

What is the mortality rate of sternal fractures?

A

Sternal fractures have a high mortality rate (25-45%).

59
Q

(Clinical Relevance: Fractures of the Sternum)

Why do sternal fractures have a high mortality rate?

A

Not due to the fracture itself, but usually as a result of heart and lung injuries, which are likely to occur simultaneously with the primary trauma.

60
Q

(Clinical Relevance: Fractures of the Sternum)

Why is it crucial to check patients with sternal fractures for visceral injury?

A

Due to the likelihood of heart and lung injuries occurring simultaneously with the sternal fracture.

61
Q

(Clinical Relevance: Fractures of the Sternum)

What investigations are normally done in a patient with a sternal fracture?

A

X-Ray
CT
Ultrasound

62
Q

Fig. 1

Caption the image

A

Anatomical position of the sternum in the body thorax

63
Q

Fig. 2

Label the image (including the key) and caption it.

A
  • DEMI FACET: Articulates with part of the 2nd rib
  • FACET: Articulates with the 4th rib

Key

  • Manubrium
  • Body
  • Xiphoid process

Caption
The articulations and parts of the sternum

64
Q

Fig. 3

Identify what this x-ray is showing

A

Lateral view of a displaced sternal fracture

Fracture in body of sternum? See labelled image in screenshots

65
Q

Which part of the sternum articulates with the clavicle?

A. Manubrium
B. Body
C. Jugular notch.
D. Sternal angle

A

A. Manubrium

The superolateral aspect of the manubrium articulates with the clavicle.

66
Q

Which structures do the sternal articular facets articulate with?

A. Transverse process of the thoracic vertebrae
B. Head of the ribs
C. Costal cartilage of the ribs
D. Xiphoid process of the sternum

A

C. Costal cartilage of the ribs

The sternal articular facets articulate with the costal cartilage of the ribs

67
Q

What is the approximate vertebral level of the xiphoid process?

A. T5
B. T8
C. T10
D. T12

A

C. T10

The xiphoid process is located approximately at T10

ESA 3 - Respiratory (28 decks)

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