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ESA 3 - Respiratory > Session 1.1f - TeachMeAnatomy - Bones of the Thorax - Thoracic Spine > Flashcards

Session 1.1f - TeachMeAnatomy - Bones of the Thorax - Thoracic Spine Flashcards

1
Q

The thoracic spine is the ______ segment of the vertebral column

A

Second

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2
Q

The thoracic spine is located between which vertebral segments?

A

The cervical and lumbar

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3
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

A

12

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4
Q

What are the thoracic vertebrae separated by?

A

Intervertebral discs

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5
Q

The thoracic spine forms part of the thoracic cage along with what?

A

The sternum and ribs

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6
Q

The sternum, ribs, and the thoracic spine forms ___

A

The thoracic cage.

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7
Q

The thoracic cage is a ____ structure made up on ____

A

bony; sternum, ribs and thoracic spine.

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8
Q

What is the function of the thoracic cage?

A

To protect the internal viscera

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9
Q

Name some organs the thoracic cage protects.

A

Heart
Lungs
Oesophagus

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10
Q

What are the four features that distinguish thoracic vertebrae from other vertebrae?

A
  • HEART-SHAPED body
  • DEMI-FACETS either side of the vertebral body
  • COSTAL FACETS on the transverse processes
  • SPINOUS PROCESSES which are long and slant inferiorly
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11
Q

Describe the vertebral body of the thoracic vertebra.

A

It is heart-shaped

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12
Q

Where are the demi-facets of thoracic vertebra found?

A

On the sides of each vertebral body

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13
Q

What do the demi-facets of thoracic vertebra articulate with?

A

Heads of the ribs

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14
Q

Where are the costal facets of thoracic vertebra found?

A

On the transverse processes of T1-T10

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15
Q

What do the costal facets of thoracic vertebra articulate with?

A

Tubercles of the ribs

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16
Q

Which vertebra are the costal facets found on?

A

T1-T10

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17
Q

Describe the spinous processes of thoracic vertebra.

A

They are long and slant inferiorly.

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18
Q

Relate the structure to function of the spinous processes of thoracic vertebra.

A

The spinous processes are long and slant inferiorly. This offers increases protection to the spinal cord, preventing an object such as a knife entering the spinal canal.

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19
Q

Where are the superior and inferior costal facets of thoracic vertebra located?

A

On the sides of each vertebral body

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20
Q

What do the superior and inferior costal facets of thoracic vertebra consist of?

A

CARTILAGE lined depressions

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21
Q

What do the superior and inferior costal facets of thoracic vertebra articulate with?

A

The heads of the ribs

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22
Q

What does the superior costal facet of thoracic vertebra articulate with?

A

The head of the adjacent rib

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23
Q

What does the inferior costal facet of thoracic vertebra articulate with?

A

The head of the rib below

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24
Q

In the majority of thoracic vertebra, the superior and inferior costal facets are ___

A

DEMI-FACETS.

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25
Q

In which thoracic vertebra are the superior and inferior costal facets presented as demi-facets?

A

T2-T9

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26
Q

Instead of demi-facets, some atypical thoracic vertebra possess ___

A

whole facets

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27
Q

A vertebra that doesn’t follow the same pattern as the others is known as?

A

Atypical vertebrae

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28
Q

What is different about the atypical thoracic vertebrae?

A

They display variation in the size, location and number of their superior and inferior costal facets.

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29
Q

Describe what is atypical about T1.

A

Superior facet is not a demifacet

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30
Q

Explain why T1 does not have a superior demifacet.

A

Its superior facet is not a demifacet, as this is the only vertebrae to articulate with the 1st rib.

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31
Q

Describe what is atypical about T10.

A

A single pair of whole facets is present.

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32
Q

What do the facet(s) of T10 articulate with

A

The whole facet on either side articulate with the 10th rib.

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33
Q

Where is the facet(s) found on T10?

A

The single pair of whole facets are located across both the vertebral body and the pedicle.

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34
Q

Describe what is atypical about T11 and T12.

A

Each have a single pair of entire costal facets

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35
Q

Where are the facets of T11 and T12 located.

A

Each has a single pair of whole facets, which are located on the pedicles.

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36
Q

What are the groups that the joints of the thoracic spine can be divided into?

A

Two groups:
Those that are present throughout the vertebral column

Those unique to the thoracic spine

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37
Q

What are the types of joints that are present throughout the vertebral column>

A

Two types:

  • BETWEEN VERTEBRAL BODIES
  • BETWEEN VERTEBRAL ARCHES
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38
Q

Describe the joints between vertebral bodies.

A

Adjacent vertebral bodies are joined by intervertebral discs.

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39
Q

What are intervertebral discs made of?

A

Fibrocartilage

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40
Q

What type of joint is the intervertebral joint?

A

A type of cartilaginous joint.

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41
Q

What is a fibrocartilaginous fusion between two bones called?

A

A symphysis.

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42
Q

What is a symphysis?

A

A fibrocartilaginous fusion between two bones, i.e. a fibrocartilaginous joint found between two bones.

43
Q

Give an example of a symphysis found in the vertebral column.

A

Between vertebral bodies.

44
Q

Where is the joint between vertebral arches?

A

It is formed by the articulation of superior and inferior articular processes from adjacent vertebrae.

45
Q

What type of joint lies between vertebral arches?

A

A synovial type joint.

46
Q

Which articulations are unique to the thoracic spine?

A

Articulations between the vertebrae and the ribs.

47
Q

For each rib, there are ___ separate articulations, known as _______.

A

two; costovertebral and costotransverse

48
Q

What is the costovertebral joint?

A

The head of the rib articulating with

  • superior costal facet of the corresponding vertebra
  • inferior costal facet of the superior vertebra
  • intervertebral disc separating the two vertebrawe
49
Q

The articulating between the head of the rib and the superior/inferior costal facets and intervertebral disc is known as ___

A

The COSTOVERTEBRAL JOINT

Note: It is the superior facet of the corresponding vertebra, and the inferior facet of the superior vertebra

50
Q

What attaches the head of the rib to the intervertebral disc?

A

The intra-articular ligament of head of rib

51
Q

What movement occurs at the costovertebral joint (between the head of rib and intervertebral disc mainly)?

A

Only slight gliding movements

52
Q

Why is there limited movement at the costovertebral joint (mainly between the rib head and intervertebral disc)?

A

Only slight gliding movements can occur at these joints, due to the close articulation of their components.

53
Q

How are the costotransverse joints formed?

A

By the articulation of transverse processes of a thoracic vertebra and the tubercle of the adjacent rib.

54
Q

Which part of the vertebra makes the costotransverse joint?

A

The transverse processes (of thoracic vertebra)

55
Q

Which part of the rib makes the costotransverse joint?

A

The tubercle of the adjacent rib.

56
Q

Articulation between the rib head and transverse processes is known as ___?

A

The COSTOTRANSVERSE joint.

57
Q

The costotransverse joints are present in which vertebrae?

A

All except T11 and T12.

58
Q

How is the thoracic spine strengthened?

A

By the presence of numerous ligaments.

59
Q

Which ligaments are present throughout the vertebral column?

A
  • ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR LONGITUDINAL LIGAMENTS
  • LIGAMENTUM FLAVUM
  • INTERSPINOUS LIGAMENT
  • SUPRASPINOUS LIGAMENT
60
Q

What are the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments?

A

Long ligaments that run the length of the vertebral column, covering the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs.

61
Q

What are the long ligaments that run the length of the vertebral column, covering the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs called?

A

ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR LONGITUDINAL LIGAMENTS

62
Q

What is the ligamentum flavum?

A

Connects the laminae of adjacent vertebrae.

63
Q

What connects the laminae of adjacent vertebrae?

A

LIGAMENTUM FLAVUM

64
Q

What is the interspinous ligament?

A

Connects the spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae

65
Q

What connects the spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae?

A

INTERSPINOUS LIGAMENT

66
Q

What is the supraspinous ligament?

A

Connects the tips of adjacent spinous processes.

67
Q

What connects the tips of adjacent spinous processes?

A

SUPRASPINOUS LIGAMENT

68
Q

What happens to the interspinous and supraspinous ligaments in the cervical spine?

A

They thicken and combine to form the nuchal ligament.

69
Q

What is the nuchal ligament?

A

A thickening and combination of the inter- and supraspinous ligaments.

70
Q

Where is the nuchal ligament found?

A

In the cervical spine.

71
Q

What ligaments are unique to the thoracic spine

A
  • RADIATE LIGAMENT OF HEAD OF RIB
  • COSTOTRANSVERSE LIGAMENT
  • LATERAL COSTOTRANSVERSE LIGAMENT
  • SUPERIOR COSTOTRANSVERSE LIGAMENT
72
Q

As well as the ligaments present throughout the vertebral column, a number of ___ ligaments also _______ the ___________ ______, which are unique to the thoracic spine.

A

A number of small ligaments also support the costovertebral joints.

(?)

73
Q

What is the radiate ligament of head of rib?

A

Fans outwards from the head of the rib to the bodies of the two vertebrae and intervertebral disc.

74
Q

What is the structure that fans outwards from the head of the rib to the bodies of the two vertebrae and intervertebral disc called?

A

RADIATE LIGAMENT OF HEAD OF RIB.

75
Q

What is the costotransverse ligament?

A

Connects the neck of the rib and the transverse process

76
Q

What connects the neck of the rib and the transverse process?

A

COSTOTRANSVERSE LIGAMENT

77
Q

What is the lateral costotransverse ligament?

A

Extends from the transverse process to the tubercle of the rib.

78
Q

What extends from the transverse process to the tubercle of the rib?

A

LATERAL COSTOTRANSVERSE LIGAMENT

79
Q

What is the superior costotransverse ligament?

A

Passes from the upper border of the neck of the rib to the transverse process of the vertebra superior to it.

80
Q

What passes from the upper border of the neck of the rib to the transverse process of the vertebra superior to it?

A

SUPERIOR COSTOTRANSVERSE LIGAMENT.

81
Q

(Clinical Relevance: Thoracic Kyphosis)

What is kyphosis?

A

An excessive curvature of the thoracic spine.

82
Q

(Clinical Relevance: Thoracic Kyphosis)

An excessive curvature of the thoracic spine is known as ___?

83
Q

(Clinical Relevance: Thoracic Kyphosis)

How does kyphosis present?

A

The back appears “hunched”

84
Q

(Clinical Relevance: Thoracic Kyphosis)

The back appears “hunched” in what condition?

85
Q

(Clinical Relevance: Thoracic Kyphosis)

Poor posture, Scheuermann’s kyphosis and fusing of vertebrae during development are indicative of kyphosis developed when?

A

Early in life

86
Q

(Clinical Relevance: Thoracic Kyphosis)

What are some causes of kyphosis in early life?

A

It may occur for a number of reasons early in life, including:

  • Poor posture
  • Abnormally wed-shaped vertebrae (Scheuermann’s kyphosis)
  • Fusing of vertebrae during development
87
Q

(Clinical Relevance: Thoracic Kyphosis)

Abnormally wedge-shaped vertebrae that leads to symptoms of a hunched back is known as ___?

A

Scheuermann’s kyphosis

88
Q

(Clinical Relevance: Thoracic Kyphosis)

What is Scheuermann’s kyphosis?

A

Abnormally wedge-shaped vertebrae causing uneven growth of the vertebrae, that leads to kyphosis.

89
Q

(Clinical Relevance: Thoracic Kyphosis)

What can cause kyphosis in adults?

A

Various diseases, mainly, OSTEOPOROSIS.

90
Q

(Clinical Relevance: Thoracic Kyphosis)

What is the most common cause of kyphosis in adults?

A

OSTEOPOROSIS

91
Q

(Clinical Relevance: Thoracic Kyphosis)

What is osteoporosis?

A

A condition whereby bone mass is lost.

92
Q

(Clinical Relevance: Thoracic Kyphosis)

A condition whereby bone mass is lost is called ___?

A

OSTEOPOROSIS.

93
Q

(Clinical Relevance: Thoracic Kyphosis)

Osteoporosis mostly occurs ___?

A

In older people

94
Q

(Clinical Relevance: Thoracic Kyphosis)

How can osteoporosis lead to kyphosis?

A

This condition loses bone mass. This therefore leaves the spine less able to support the weight of the body, thus resulting in characteristic kyphosis.

95
Q

(Clinical Relevance: Thoracic Kyphosis)

What can cause kyphosis?

A

Early in life:

  • poor posture
  • Scheuermann’s kyphosis
  • fusing of vertebrae during development

Adults:
- osteoporosis
(many others but that is the most common)

https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/kyphosis/causes/

96
Q

Fig. 1

Caption the image

A

Overview of the thoracic spine

97
Q

Fig. 2

Label the image and caption it.

A
  • Costal facet
  • Demi-facets
  • Spinous process

Lateral view of a thoracic vertebrae.

98
Q

Fig. 3

Label the image and caption it.

A
  • Costovertebral joint
  • Costotransverse joint

Articulations between a rib and its numerically corresponding vertebrae.

99
Q

Fig. 4

Label the key and caption it.

A
  • Anterior longit. ligament
  • Posterior longit. ligament
  • Ligamentum flavum
  • Interspinal ligament
  • Supraspinous ligament

Ligaments of the lumbar vertebrae.

100
Q

Fig. 5

What clinical presentation does this image show?

A

Thoracic kyphosis

101
Q

What is a characteristic feature of the thoracic vertebrae?

A. Vertebral body kidney shaped
B. Bifid spinous process
C. Long and slanted spinous processes
D. Transverse foramina

A

C. Long and slanted spinous processes

This is a characteristic feature of the thoracic vertebrae

102
Q

Which of these ligaments is unique to the thoracic spine?

A. Anterior longitudinal ligament
B. Costotransverse ligament
C. Nuchal ligament
D. Interspinous ligament

A

B. Costotransverse ligament

This ligament is unique to the costotransverse joints of the thoracic spine

103
Q

Which part of the ribs do the thoracic vertebral bodies articulate with?

A. Head
B. Neck
C. Tubercle
D. Costal cartilage

A

A. Head

The head of the rib articulates with costal facets on the vertebral body

ESA 3 - Respiratory (28 decks)

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