Session 1.1k - TeachMeAnatomy - Lungs Flashcards
http://teachmeanatomy.info/thorax/organs/lungs/
The lungs are the major organs of ___?
Respiration
Where are the lungs located?
In the chest, either side of the mediastinum, within the thoracic cavity.
What is the function of the lungs?
To oxygenate blood
How do the lungs oxygenate blood?
They achieve this by bringing inspired air into close contact with oxygen-poor blood
What is each lung surrounded by?
By a pleural cavity, which is formed by the visceral and parietal pleura.
What are the lungs suspended from the mediastinum by?
The LUNG ROOT
Where is the lung root?
it suspends the pleura from the mediastinum
What does the lung root hold?
A collection of structures entering and leaving the lungs.
Where do the medial surfaces of both lungs lie?
In close proximity to several mediastinal structures.
Which capillaries does inspired air come into close contact with oxygen-poor blood?
The pulmonary capillaries
The medial surface of the left lung is in close proximity to which structures?
- Heart
- Arch of aorta
- Thoracic aorta
- Oesophagus
The medial surface of the right lung is in close proximity to which structures?
- Oesophagus
- Heart
- Inferior vena cava
- Superior vena cava
- Azygous vein
What shape are the lungs?
They are roughly CONE shaped.
Each lung consists of:
- APEX
- BASE
- LOBES (two or three)
- SURFACES (three)
- BORDERS (three)
Which lungs is smaller?
The left lung is slightly smaller than the right
Why is the left lung smaller than the right?
Due to the presence of the heart
Where is the apex of the lung?
The blunt superior end of the lung.
Where does the apex of the lung lie in relation to other structures?
It projects upwards, above the level of the 1st rib and into the floor of the neck.
Where is the base of the lung?
The inferior surface of the lung
Where does the base of the lung sit?
On the diaphragm
How many lobes of the lung are there?
The right and left lungs do not have an identical lobular structure.
Left - 2
Right - 3
How are the lobes of the lung separated?
By fissures within the lung
How many surfaces of the lung are there?
3
How are the surfaces of the lungs named?
They correspond to the area of the thorax that they face
What are the surfaces of the lungs?
- Costal
- Mediastinal
- Diaphragmatic
How many borders of the lungs are there?
3
What are the borders of the lungs?
The edges of he lungs
- anterior
- inferior
- posterior
What are the lobes of the right lung?
THREE LOBES:
- superior
- middle
- inferior
How are the lobes of the right lung divided?
By two fissures:
- OBLIQUE
- HORIZONTAL
Where is the oblique fissure?
Runs from the inferior border of the lung in a superoposterior direction, until it meets the posterior lung border.
Where is the horizontal fissure?
Runs horizontally from the sternum, at the level of the 4th rib, to meet the oblique fissure.
Where do the horizontal and oblique fissure meet?
At the level of the 4th rib
What lobes do the left lung contain?
Superior and inferior lobe
How are the superior and inferior lobe separate?
By an oblique fissure
Where are the lung surfaces?
There are three, each corresponding to an area of the thorax.
Where is the mediastinal surface of the lung?
It faces the lateral aspect of the middle mediastinum.
The part of the lung facing the lateral aspect of the middle mediastinum is known as the ___
MEDIASTINAL SURFACE.
What notable structure is found on the mediasitnal surface?
The lung HILUM
What is the lung hilum?
Where structures enter and leave the lung.
What is the base of the lung formed by?
The DIAPHRAGMATIC SURFACE.
Where does the diaphragmatic surface rest?
On the dome of the diaphragm
What shape is the diaphragmatic surface?
Concave
The concavity of the diaphragmatic surface is deeper where ___?
In the right lung
Why is the concavity deeper in the right lung?
Due to the higher position of the right dome overlying the liver.
What structure lies on the right side which deepens the concavity of the diaphragmatic surface of the lung?
Liver
Describe the costal surface structure.
It is smooth and convex.
Where does the costal surface face?
The internal surface of the chest wall.
What is the costal surface related to?
The costal pleura
The costal surface is related to the costal pleura. This separates it from what?
The ribs and innermost intercostal muscles.
What is the anterior border of the lung?
This is formed by the convergence of the mediastinal and costal surfaces,
What marks the anterior border on the left lung?
A deep notch
A deep notch marks the anterior border on which lung?
The left
What creates the deep notch on the anterior border of the left lung?
The apex of the heart.
What is the deep notch on the anterior border of the lung called?
The CARDIAC NOTCH.
What is the inferior border of the lung?
Separates the base of the lung from the costal and mediastinal surfaces.
Describe the structure of the borders.
Posterior - smooth and rounded
Anterior - sharp
Inferior - sharp
Where is the posterior border?
It is formed by the costal and mediastinal surfaces meeting posteriorly.
What is the lung root?
A collection of structures that suspends the lung from the mediastinum.
What do lung roots contain?
Each root contains a:
- bronchus
- pulmonary artery
- two pulmonary veins
- bronchial vessels
- pulmonary plexus of nerves
- lymphatic vessels
Where do the structures of the lung roots enter or leave the lung?
Via the HILUM
Describe the structure of the hilum.
A wedge shaped area on its mediastinal surface.
What is the bronchial tree?
A series of passages that supplies air to the alveoli of the lungs.
Where does the bronchial tree begin?
The TRACHEA
What does the trachea divide into?
A left and right bronchus
What is the clinical relevance of the right bronchus?
The right bronchus has a higher incidence of foreign body inhalation due to its wider shape and more vertical course.
Where do the main bronchus enter?
The root of the lung
Where do the main bronchus pass?
Through the hilum
Where do the main bronchus divide?
Inside he lung
What do the main bronchus divide into?
LOBAR BRONCHI
What do lobar bronchi supply?
Each lobe
What do lobar bronchus divide into?
Several tertiary SEGMENTAL BRONCHI
What do segmental bronchi supply?
Provides air to a bronchopulmonary segment
What is a bronchopulmonary segment?
These are the functional units of the lungs.
What do the segmental bronchi give rise to?
Many conducting bronchioles
What do the conducting bronchioles eventually lead into?
TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES
What do terminal bronchioles give off?
Respiratory bronchioles
Describe the structures that respiratory bronchioles feature.
Thin walled outpocketings that extend from their lumens.
What are the structures that arise from the respiratory bronchioles called?
Alveoli
What are the alveoli?
The site of gaseous exchange.
The lungs are supplied with deoxygenated blood by ___?
The paired PULMONARY ARTERIES
What do the pulmonary arteries supply?
Deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
Once the blood has received oxygenation, what happens?
It leaves the lungs
How does oxygenated blood leave the lungs?
Via PULMONARY VEINS
What do pulmonary veins carry?
Oxygenated blood
How many pulmonary veins are there?
Four (two for each lung).
Which structures require an extra nutritive blood supply?
- Bronchi
- Lung roots
- Visceral pleura
- Supporting lung tissues
The bronchi, lung roots, visceral pleura and supporting lung tissues require an extra nutritive blood supply. Where is this delivered from?
The BRONCHIAL ARTERIES
What do the bronchial arteries supply?
- Bronchi
- Lung roots
- Visceral pleura
- Supporting lung tissues
Where do the bronchial arteries arise?
From the descending aorta
What provides venous drainage?
The bronchial veins
The bronchial veins provide
VENOUS DRAINAGE
Where does the right bronchial vein drain into?
The azygos vein
What drains into the azygos vein?
The right bronchial vein
Where does the left bronchial vein drain into?
Accessory hemiazygos vein
What drains into the accessory hemiazygos vein?
The left bronchial vein
Where are the nerves of the lungs derived from?
The PULMONARY PLEXUSES
The pulmonary plexuses feature what fibres?
- SYMPATHETIC
- PARASYMPATHETIC
- VISCERAL AFFERENT
Where are the parasympathetic fibres of the pulmonary plexus derived?
From the vagus nerve
What do the parasympathetic fibres of the pulmonary plexus stimulate?
- Secretion from the bronchial glands
- Contraction of the bronchial smooth muscle
- Vasodilation of the pulmonary vessels
Where are the sympathetic fibres of the pulmonary plexus derived?
The sympathetic trunks
What do the sympathetic fibres of the pulmonary plexus stimulate?
- Relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle
- Vasoconstriction of the pulmonary vessels
What do the visceral afferent fibres of the pulmonary plexus do?
Conduct pain impulses to the sensory ganglion of the vagus nerve
(Clinical Relevance - Pulmonary Embolism)
What is a pulmonary embolism?
The obstruction of a pulmonary artery by a substance that has travelled from elsewhere in the body.
(Clinical Relevance - Pulmonary Embolism)
What are the most common emboli?
- THROMBUS
- FAT
- AIR
(Clinical Relevance - Pulmonary Embolism)
How common is a thrombus emboli?
It is responsible for the majority of cases
(Clinical Relevance - Pulmonary Embolism)
Where do thrombi emboli come from?
Usually arises in a distant vein
(Clinical Relevance - Pulmonary Embolism)
Where do fat emboli come from?
Following a bone fracture or orthopaedic surgery
(Clinical Relevance - Pulmonary Embolism)
Where do air emboli come from?
Following cannulation in the neck
(Clinical Relevance - Pulmonary Embolism)
What is the immediate effect of a PE?
A REDUCTION IN LUNG PERFUSION
(Clinical Relevance - Pulmonary Embolism)
What does a PE result in?
Decreased blood oxygenation
(Clinical Relevance - Pulmonary Embolism)
Where does blood accumulate in a PE?
PE results in the accumulation of blood in the right ventricle of the heart.
(Clinical Relevance - Pulmonary Embolism)
What are the clinical features of PE?
Include:
- dyspnoea
- chest pain
- cough
- haemoptysis
- tachypnoea
(Clinical Relevance - Pulmonary Embolism)
How is the probability of a PE assessed?
In clinical medicine, the Wells’ score is used to assess the probability of PE.
(Clinical Relevance - Pulmonary Embolism)
How do you treat a PE?
Definitive treatment involves ANTICOAGULATION and THROMBOLYTIC THERAPY
(Clinical Relevance - Pulmonary Embolism)
What does treatment of a PE do?
Reduces the size of the embolus, and prevents further clotting
Fig. 1
Caption the image
Anatomical position of the lungs
Fig. 2
- Identify the left and right lungs
- Label the lungs
- Fill in the key
- Caption the image
Left
- Hilum
- Oblique fissure
Right
- Horizontal fissure
- Superior lobe
- Inferior lobe
- Middle lobe
The lobes and fissures of the lungs. The oblique fissures are similar in both lungs.
Fig. 3
Label and caption the image.
- Parietal pleura
- Visceral pleura
- Pleural cavity
- Lung hilum
The parietal and visceral pleura, and the pleural cavity. Note how the two layers of pleura are continuous at the hilum of the lung.
Fig. 4
Caption the image
The bronchial tree of the respiratory system
Fig. 5
- Fill in the key
- Caption the image
- Airways
- Pulmonary ARTERIES
- Pulmonary VEINS
The vasculature of the lungs. Note that the arteries carry deoxygenated blood, and the veins carry oxygenated blood.
How many lobes does the right lung have?
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5
B. 3
The right lung has three lobes - upper, middle and lower. The left lung has two lobes.
The right lung contains a horizontal fissure. What rib does this fissure follow the course of?
A. 2nd
B. 3rd
C. 4th
D. 5th
C. 4th
The parasympathetic supply to the lungs is derived from which nerve?
A. Phrenic nerve
B. Intercostal nerves T5-7
C. Vagus nerve
D. Superior cervical ganglion
C. Vagus nerve
