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ESA 3 - Respiratory > Session 1.1j- TeachMeAnatomy - Tracheobronchial Tree > Flashcards

Session 1.1j- TeachMeAnatomy - Tracheobronchial Tree Flashcards

http://teachmeanatomy.info/thorax/organs/tracheobronchial-tree/

1
Q

What forms the tracheobronchial tree?

A

The trachea, bronchi and bronchioles

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2
Q

What do the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles form?

A

The TRACHEOBRONCHIAL TREE

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3
Q

What is the tracheobronchial tree?

A

A system of airways that allow passage of air into the lungs, where gas exchange occurs.

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4
Q

Where does gas exchange occur?

A

In the lungs

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5
Q

Where are these airways (tracheobronchial tree) located?

A

In the neck and thorax.

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6
Q

What marks the beginning of the tracheobronchial tree?

A

The trachea

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7
Q

Where does the trachea arise?

A

At the lower border of CRICOID CARTILAGE in the neck

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8
Q

What is the trachea a continuation of?

A

The larynx

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9
Q

Where does the trachea transvel inferiorly?

A

Into the SUPERIOR MEDIASTINUM

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10
Q

Where does the trachea bifurcate?

A

At the level of the sternal angle

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11
Q

What occurs to the trachea at the level of the sternal angle?

A

It bifurcates, forming the right and left main bronchi.

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12
Q

Where is the trachea in relation to the oesophagus?

A

Anterior

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13
Q

What structure lies posterior to the trachea?

A

The OESOPHAGUS

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14
Q

The trachea lies slight ___?

A

As it descends, it inclines slightly to the right.

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15
Q

How is the trachea held open?

A

By cartilage

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16
Q

What structures of the respiratory tract are held open by cartilage?

A

All of the larger respiratory airways, including the trachea

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17
Q

What is the structure of the trachea?

A

It is organised in C-SHAPED rings.

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18
Q

What are the tracheal rings supported by?

A

The free ends of these rings are supported by the TRACHEALIS MUSCLE.

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19
Q

What is the trachea lined by?

A

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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20
Q

What are the bronchi lined by?

A

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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21
Q

The trachea and bronchi are lined by ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium, interspersed by what?

A

GOBLET CELLS

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22
Q

What do goblet cells produce?

A

Mucus

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23
Q

The combination of what forms the functional mucociliary escalator?

A

The combination of sweeping movements by the cilia and mucus from the goblet cells

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24
Q

The combination of sweeping movements by the cilia and mucus from the goblet cells form what?

A

The MUCOCILIARY ESCALATOR.

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25
Q

What does the mucociliary escalator do?

A

Acts to trap inhaled particles and pathogens, moving them up out of the airways to be swallowed and destroyed.

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26
Q

What lies at the bifurcation of the primary bronchi?

A

A ridge of cartilage

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27
Q

What is the ridge of cartilage that lies at the bifurcation of the primary bronchi called?

A

The CARINA

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28
Q

Where does the carina run?

A

Anteroposteriorly between the openings of the two primary bronchi.

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29
Q

What is the most sensitive area of the trachea for triggering the cough reflex?

A

The carina.

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30
Q

The carina can be seen on ___?

A

bronchoscopy.

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31
Q

The trachea receives what innervation from where?

A

Sensory; RECURRENT LARYNGEAL NERVE.

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32
Q

Where does the arterial supply to the trachea come from?

A

The tracheal branches of the INFERIOR THYROID ARTERY

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33
Q

What is the venous drainage to the trachea?

A

Via the brachiocephalic, azygos and accessory hemiazygos veins.

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34
Q

The trachea bifurcates into the right and left main bronchi, where?

A

At the level of the sternal angle.

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35
Q

What happens to the right and left main bronchi?

A

They undergo further branching to produce the secondary bronchi.

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36
Q

What do secondary bronchi supply?

A

Each secondary bronchi supplies a lobe of the lung.

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37
Q

What do secondary bronchi give rise to?

A

Several segmental bronchi

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38
Q

What makes up the roots of the lungs?

A

The main bronchi, along with branches of the pulmonary artery and veins.

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39
Q

Along with branches of the pulmonary artery and veins, the main bronchi make up what?

A

The ROOTS of the lungs.

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40
Q

What is the structure of the right main bronchus?

A

Wider, shorter, and descends more vertically than its left-sided counterpart

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41
Q

Which bronchus is wider, shorter, and descends more vertically?

A

RIGHT MAIN BRONCHUS

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42
Q

What is the clinical significance of the shape of the right main bronchus?

A

Clinically, this results in a higher incidence of foreign body inhalation.

43
Q

What structure arises before the right main bronchus enters the hilum?

A

The right superior lobar bronchus

44
Q

The right superior lobar bronchus arises before ___

A

the right main bronchus enters the hilum.

45
Q

Where does the left main bronchus lie?

A

It passes inferiorly to the arch of the aorta, and anteriorly to the thoracic aorta and oesophagus.

46
Q

What structure and why, passes inferiorly to the arch of the aorta, and anteriorly to the thoracic aorta and oesophagus?

A

The LEFT MAIN BRONCHUS, passes anteriorly to thoracic aorta and oesophagus in order to reach the hilum of the left lung.

47
Q

Where do the primary bronchi branch into secondary bronchi?

A

Within the lungs

48
Q

The primary bronchi is also known as __?

A

The main bronchi

49
Q

The secondary bronchi is also known as ___

A

The LOBAR BRONCHI

50
Q

Within the lungs, the main bronchi branch ___

A

into LOBAR (SECONDARY) BRONCHI.

51
Q

How many secondary bronchi are there?

A

Each secondary bronchi supplies a lobe of the lung, thus there are 3 right lobar bronchi and 2 left.

52
Q

What do the lobar bronchi bifurcate into?

A

Several SEGMENTAL (TERTIARY) BRONCHI

53
Q

The tertiary bronchi is also known as ___

A

The SEGMENTAL BRONCHI

54
Q

What so the segmental/tertiary bronchi supply?

A

A BRONCHOPULMONARY SEGMENT

55
Q

What is a bronchopulmonary segment?

A

Subdivisions of the lung lobes, and act as the functional unit of the lungs

56
Q

What are subdivisions of the lung lobes called?

A

Bronchopulmonary segments

57
Q

What are the functional units of the lungs?

A

Bronchopulmonary segments (subdivisions of the lung lobes)

58
Q

What is the structure of bronchi similar to?

A

Very similar to that of the trachea

59
Q

Bronchi and tracheal structure differ ___?

A

In the shape of their cartilage

60
Q

How does the cartilage appear in the main bronchi?

A

Cartilage rings COMPLETELY ENCIRCLE the lumen

61
Q

How does the cartilage appear in smaller lobar and segmental bronchi?

A

Smaller lobar and segmental bronchi cartilage is found only in CRESCENT SHAPES.

62
Q

Cartilage rings completely encircle the lumen in ____ bronchi?

A

Main bronchi

63
Q

Crescent-shaped cartilage is found in ___ bronchi?

A

(Smaller than main) - lobar and segmental bronchi

64
Q

What innervates the bronchi?

A

Pulmonary branches of the VAGUS NERVE (CN X)

65
Q

What is the blood supply to the bronchi from?

A

Branches of the BRONCHIAL ARTERIES

66
Q

What is venous drainage of the arteries to

A

BRONCHIAL VEINS

67
Q

The segmental bronchi undergo further branching to form ___?

A

Numerous smaller airways - the bronchioles.

68
Q

The bronchioles have branched from ___?

A

The segmental bronchi

69
Q

What are the smallest airways?

A

Bronchioles

70
Q

Because bronchioles are the smallest airways, what do they not contain?

A

Any cartilage or mucus-secreting goblet cells.

71
Q

Which airway structure does not contain any cartilage or mucus-secreting goblet cells?

A

The smallest airways - bronchioles

72
Q

What type of cells do bronchioles contain?

A

CLUB CELLS

73
Q

What do club cells produce?

A

A SURFACTANT LIPOPROTEIN

74
Q

What is the significance of club cells in bronchioles?

A

These are instrumental in preventing the walls of the small airways sticking together during expiration.

75
Q

Initially there are many generations of __________ ___________, which transport air but lack glands and are not involved in gas exchange.

A

CONDUCTING BRONCHIOLES

76
Q

Describe the structure and function of conducting bronchioles?

A

They transport air but lack glands and are not involved in gas exchange

77
Q

What do conducting bronchioles end as?

A

Eventually end as TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES

78
Q

What do terminal bronchioles branch into?

A

RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES

79
Q

How are respiratory bronchioles distinguishable?

A

By the presence of ALVEOLI extending from their lumens.

80
Q

What are alveoli?

A

Tiny air-filled pockets with thin walls

81
Q

Alveoli have thin walls made up of ___?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

82
Q

What is the function of alveoli?

A

They are the sites of gaseous exchange in the lungs.

83
Q

How many alveoli are there

A

Altogether there are around 300 million alveoli in adult lungs?

84
Q

What is the significance of a large number of alveoli?

A

These provide a large surface area for adequate gas exchange.

85
Q

(Clinical Correlations: Asthma)

What is asthma?

A

A chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways

86
Q

(Clinical Correlations: Asthma)

How is asthma characterised?

A

By hypersensitivity, reversible outflow obstruction and bronchospasm.

87
Q

(Clinical Correlations: Asthma)

What is the pathophysiology of asthma?

A

There is remodelling of the small airways, causing increased SMOOTH MUSCLE thickness around the bronchioles, damaged epithelium and a thickened basement membrane.

88
Q

(Clinical Correlations: Asthma)

What occurs to the small airways in asthma?

A

There is remodelling

89
Q

(Clinical Correlations: Asthma)

What does remodelling of the small airways do to the bronchioles?

A

Causes increases SMOOTH MUSCLE thickness around it

90
Q

(Clinical Correlations: Asthma)

What does remodelling of the small airways do to the epithelium?

A

Damages it

91
Q

(Clinical Correlations: Asthma)

What does remodelling of the small airways do to the basement membrane?

A

Thickens it

92
Q

(Clinical Correlations: Asthma)

What is an “asthma attack”?

A

An acute exacerbation of the condition caused by a trigger

93
Q

(Clinical Correlations: Asthma)

What can trigger an asthma attack?

A

E.g. allergens, exercise

94
Q

(Clinical Correlations: Asthma)

What do triggers do to the airways during an asthma attack?

A

Causes sudden inflammation and contraction of the smooth muscle around bronchioles (bronchospasm).

95
Q

(Clinical Correlations: Asthma)

What is a bronchospasm?

A

Contraction of the smooth muscle around bronchioles

96
Q

(Clinical Correlations: Asthma)

How does the pathophysiology relate to clinical features in asthma attacks?

A

Sudden inflammation and bronchospasm narrows the airways, causing difficulty in breathing and WHEEZING.

97
Q

(Clinical Correlations: Asthma)

What are some characteristic features of asthma?

A
  • Difficulty in breathing

- WHEEZING

98
Q

Fig. 1

Caption the image - explain what it is showing and label the different colours of the bronchi.

A

Overview of the tracheobronchial tree. key: Green - upper lobe, yellow - middle lobe, blue - lower lobe

99
Q

Fig. 2

Label left and right on the image, and caption it explaining what it is showing and what plane this image has been taken in.

A

Left Right

Transverse section of the trachea, showing its bifurcation.

100
Q

Fig. 3

Label and caption the image

A
  • Trachea
  • Main bronchus
  • Lobar bronchus
  • Segmental bronchus

The trachea and bronchi

101
Q

Fig. 4

Label the diagram before and after an asthma episode.

Caption it with the clinical condition.

A

Before:

  • Muscle
  • Airway
  • Air sacs

After:

  • Muscles around the airway contract
  • Airways fill with mucus
  • Airways swell

Diagram showing the effects of an acute asthma exacerbation upon the small airways.

102
Q

The trachea is a continuation of what upper respiratory tract structure?

A. Nasopharynx
B. Oropharynx
C. Laryngopharynx
D. Larynx

A

D. Larynx

103
Q

At what vertebral level does the trachea bifurcate?

A. T2
B. T3
C. T4
D. T5

A

C. T4

104
Q

The trachea receives sensory innervation from what nerve?

A. Vagus nerve
B. Phrenic nerve
C. Recurrent laryngeal nerve
D. Intercostal nerves

A

C. Recurrent laryngeal nerve

ESA 3 - Respiratory (28 decks)

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