Sensory Transduction

Question 1

What are the two steps to receiving information

Answer 1

Sensory transduction and perception

Question 2

What is sensation/sensory transduction?

Answer 2

detection of a stimulus; convert physical stimulus to electromagnetic waves

Question 3

What is perception?

Answer 3

interpretation of the information by the brain

Question 4

What the two major parallel visual pathways?

Answer 4

1) inferior temporal (ventral) pathway
2.) posterior parietal (dorsal) pathway

Question 5

What does the inferior temporal pathway deal with?

Answer 5

object recognition, color and shape

Question 6

what does the posterior parietal pathway deal with?

Answer 6

location, motion and depth of objects

Question 7

Vision?

Answer 7

photoreceptor cells detect light

Question 8

Hearing/Balance?

Answer 8

hair cells detect sound, gravity, motion

Question 9

Smell?

Answer 9

olfactory cells detect odorants

Question 10

Taste?

Answer 10

taste receptors detect tastants

Question 11

Touch?

Answer 11

mechanoreceptor detect touch

Question 12

Muscle Stretch?

Answer 12

muscle spindle control stretch

Question 13

Temperature?

Answer 13

thermoreceptor detect temperature

Question 14

Pain?

Answer 14

nocireceptor detect chemical, thermal, or mechanical pain stimuli

Question 15

Who won Nobel Prize for their discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch?

Answer 15

David Julies and Ardem Patapoutian

Question 16

Cells involved sensory transduction?

Answer 16

Transduction of energy from sensory receptor cell to ganglion cell

Question 17

Sensory Receptor Cells

Answer 17

transduce energy into receptor potential; small and large variants (large can also transform energy into action potential)

Question 18

What do somatosensory receptor neurons interact with

Answer 18

The somatosensory receptor neuron directly detects the signal by interacting with specialized structures, such as the muscle spindle

Question 19

What do olfactory receptors act as?

Answer 19

sensory receptor and ganglion cell

Question 20

Relationship between sensory cell and ganglion cell

Answer 20

the sensory cell detects and converts the stimulus into receptor potential. The following ganglion cell fires an action potential

Question 21

relationships between photoreceptor cell and ganglion cell

Answer 21

The photoreceptor cell converts light into a membrane hyperpolarization and transmits information to an intermediate neuron, the bipolar neuron. The bipolar cell signals to the ganglion cell, which fires the action potential

Question 22

What are the four attributes of a stimulus

Answer 22

1. Type of Energy
2. Location
3. Intensity
4. Duration

Question 23

What are the common properties of sensory transduction system?

Answer 23

Specificity, Bandwidth, Spatial resolution, Sensitivity

Question 24

What is bandwidth?

Answer 24

Describes how each receptor responds to a certain type of energy

Question 25

What is spatial resolution?

Answer 25

The spatial arrangement of the receptors of the somatosensory and visual systems

Question 26

What are the 5 taste categories?

Answer 26

Salt, Sour, Bitter, Sweet, Umami

Question 27

What is salt mechanism?

Answer 27

Na passes through sodium channel

Question 28

What is sour mechanism?

Answer 28

H passes through sodium channel and blocks K channels

Question 29

What is bitter mechanism?

Answer 29

substance blocks K channels

Question 30

What is sweet/umami/bitter mechanism?

Answer 30

bind to G-Protein coupled receptors

Question 31

How many olfactory receptor neurons do we have?

Answer 31

100,000

Question 32

How often are olfactory neurons replaced?

Answer 32

every 1-2 months

Question 33

How many receptor types does each olfactory neuron express?

Answer 33

1

Question 34

What 5 major cell types in the retina?

Answer 34

1) photoreceptors
2) bipolar cells
3) horizontal cells
4) amacrine cells
5) ganglion cells

Question 35

What category do rods and cones fall into?

Answer 35

photoreceptors

Question 36

What is difference in light and dark?

Answer 36

In dark, there is a influx of Na (depolarized state). In light, Rhodopsin causes events where Na channels close (hyperpolarized state)

Question 37

What mediates mechanotransduction in hair cells?

Answer 37

stereocilia contain a few stretch-activated cation channels