Neural Induction

Question 1

Cell intrinsic factor?

Answer 1

proteins produced by cell that affect the cell

Question 2

Key Principles of Neural Development

Answer 2

1. Cell intrinsic vs extrinsic factors
2. Molecular mechanisms of neural development are highly conserved across species
3. Molecular and genetic techniques are commonly used

Question 3

Examples of cell-intrinsic factors

Answer 3

transcription factors, signaling molecules, second messengers

Question 4

Cell-extrinsic factor?

Answer 4

proteins from cell that affects neighboring cells

Question 5

Examples of cell-extrinsic factors

Answer 5

growth factor, morphogens

Question 6

Main steps of neural development

Answer 6

1. Neural induction
2. Neural patterning
3. Neural specification
4. Neuronal migration
5. Axonal growth and guidance
6. Neuronal survival
7. Target innervation and synapse formation

Question 7

Neural vs Neuronal

Answer 7

Neural refers to whole nervous system.
Neuronal refers to the neuron

Question 8

What are the stages during early embryogenesis

Answer 8

1. Cleavage stage
2. Blastula-, gastrula- stage
3. Neural stage

Question 9

What do cells at the animal pole become?

Answer 9

ectoderm cells

Question 10

What do cells at the vegetal pole become?

Answer 10

endoderm cells

Question 11

Ectoderm develops into?

Answer 11

nervous system, epidermis, lens, cornea

Question 12

Mesoderm develops into?

Answer 12

muscles, circulatory system, skeletal system, reproductive system

Question 13

Endoderm develops into?

Answer 13

epithelia of digestive tract, respiratory system, urinary tract, liver, pancreas

Question 14

What forms the dorsal lip

Answer 14

the bottle cells of the margin moving forward

Question 15

What forms the neural plate

Answer 15

dorsal mesoderm cells derived from the dorsal lip of the blastopore

Question 16

What is induction?

Answer 16

One region of embryo signals to neighboring regions and determines its development

Question 17

Hans Spemann experiment

Answer 17

did transplantation experiments using newt embryos to show that neural ectoderm is determined in late gastrula not early gastrula

Question 18

When is the neural plate induced?

Answer 18

late gastrula

Question 19

Spemann and Mangold experiment

Answer 19

they translanted the dorsal blastopore lip and induced a second neural tube (two heads)

Question 20

What is neuralation?

Answer 20

formation of the neural tube from the neural plate

Question 21

What induces neurulation?

Answer 21

intrinsic and extrinsic forces

Question 22

What do neural plate cells give rise to?

Answer 22

brain, spinal cord

Question 23

What do cells at junction of neural plate and epidermis give rise to?

Answer 23

neural crest cells

Question 24

What do dorsal mesoderm cells give rise to?

Answer 24

notochord, somite’s

Question 25

What is notochord

Answer 25

temporary mesoderm structure that induces differentiation of the ventral portion of the nervous system

Question 26

What happens if you have neural tube defects?

Answer 26

1. anencephaly (anterior neural tube does not close)
2. spina bifida (open spinal cord defect)

Question 27

How can you prevent spina bifida?

Answer 27

Take vitamin B9 before pregnancy

Question 28

The brain develops first as __ vesicles, then __ vesicles

Answer 28

3; 5

Question 29

What maintains the ectodermal state?

Answer 29

intercellular signaling with BMP4

Question 30

What molecules inhibit BMP4?

Answer 30

chordin, noggin, and follistatin

Question 31

What is proposed as direct positive inducers of the neural state?

Answer 31

Wnts, FGFs, and IGFs