Anatomy of the CNS

Question 1

Who is the famous tennis player he talked about?

Answer 1

Roger Federer

Question 2

What is regional neuroanatomy?

Answer 2

Looks at the spatial organization by subdivision

Question 3

What if functional neuroanatomy?

Answer 3

Looks at what parts of nervous system work together in order to perform a function

Question 4

What can you subdivide PNS into?

Answer 4

Somatic division and Autonomic divison

Question 5

What can you subdivide autonomic division into?

Answer 5

Sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric system

Question 6

What does sympathetic system do?

Answer 6

controls fight or flight

Question 7

What does parasympathetic do?

Answer 7

controls rest and digest

Question 8

What makes up the CNS?

Answer 8

brain and spinal cord

Question 9

What makes up the brain?

Answer 9

cerebellum, brain stem, diencephalon, telencephalon

Question 10

What makes up the brain stem?

Answer 10

medulla oblangata, pons, midbrain

Question 11

What are the section planes?

Answer 11

Horizontal, Coronal, Sagittal

Question 12

What causes tilt between forebrain and spinal cord axes?

Answer 12

cephalic flexure between midbrain and hindbrain

Question 13

During human brain development when do the flexure(s) develop?

Answer 13

At 5 weeks, cervical flexure
At 7 weeks, cephalic and pontine flexure

Question 14

What is rostral/caudal in the brain? in the spinal cord?

Answer 14

rostal means more toward the front in the brain. But in the spinal cord it means more towards the brain (up)

Question 15

What does dorsal/ventral mean in the brain? in the spinal cord?

Answer 15

dorsal means superior in the brain. but in the spinal cord it means more towards the back

Question 16

What is spinal cord functions?

Answer 16

1) processes sensory information
2) controls body movements
3) transmits sensory information in ascending tracts to the brain and motor information in descending tracts from the brain

Question 17

Describe cross section of spinal cord

Answer 17

white matter, gray matter

Question 18

Regions of spinal cord

Answer 18

Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral

Question 19

Which region has largest cross section? Why?

Answer 19

Coervical level has most white matter, because of more ascending and descending axons

Question 20

What is general functions of brainstem?

Answer 20

sensor and motor control of head, neck, and face; ascending and descending pathways

Question 21

What is function of medulla?

Answer 21

1) regulation of blood pressure and respiration
2) important relay station in the principal pathway for touch
3) control of neck and facial muscles
4) arousal (reticular formation)

Question 22

What are the two major tracts in medulla?

Answer 22

A) dorsal column/medial lemniscus system
B) corticospinal tract

Question 23

how does dorsal column/medial lemniscus system work.

Answer 23

neuron from peripheral sensory receptor to medulla. next neuron connects medulla to thalamus. last neuron connects thalamus to primary sensory cortex

Question 24

corticospinal tract

Answer 24

neuron from primary cortex to spinal cord. second neuron from spinal cord to skeletal muscle

Question 25

What is function of pons?

Answer 25

transmits information from cortex to cerebellum (allowing cerebellum to control movement)

Question 26

What does midbrain contain?

Answer 26

Superior colliculus (controls eye movements) Inferior colliculus (controls hearing)

Question 27

What is substantia niagra?

Answer 27

Part of midbrain that is important for voluntary movements (dopaminergic neurons damaged in Parkinson's disease)

Question 28

What does cerebellum share in common with cerebral hemispheres?

Answer 28

lobes, fissures, convolutions

Question 29

What are the 3 cell layers in cortex?

Answer 29

molecular, Purkinje, and granular layer

Question 30

What is function of cerebellum?

Answer 30

1) Maintaining posture 2) coordinating head and eye movements 3) fine control of movements 4) cognitive functions (ie. language and decision making)

Question 31

What makes purkinje neuron special?

Answer 31

It is an inhibitory projection neuron in the cerebellum

Question 32

What is the only excitatory interneuron in the brain?

Answer 32

Granule cells

Question 33

What does the diencephalon consist of?

Answer 33

Thalamus and Hypothalamus

Question 34

Describe thalamus

Answer 34

It looks like 2 walnuts located between midbrain and cortex.

Question 35

What does thalamus do?

Answer 35

1. transmission station for sensory information from the periphery to the cortex 2. Integrates motor information from cerebellum and basal ganglia and transmits to motor cortex

Question 36

What are the thalamic nuclei we need to know? What do they contain?

Answer 36

ventral posterior lateral nucleus and lateral geniculate nucleus They contain relay neurons (interneurons)

Question 37

What does the ventral posterior lateral nucleus do?

Answer 37

It is the relay nucleus for the dorsal column-medial lemniscus system that transmits somatosensory information to the primary somatosensory cortex.

Question 38

What does the lateral geniculate nucleus do?

Answer 38

It connects primary visual cortex

Question 39

What does the medial geniculate body do?

Answer 39

Processes auditory information to the auditory cortex

Question 40

Describe Hypothalamus

Answer 40

Small (almond size in humans) and complex structure underneath thalamus

Question 41

What does hypothalamus control?

Answer 41

1. growth 2. body temperature 3. sexual and reproductive behavior 4. eating, drinking 5. Motivation, emotion 6. circadian clock, sleep

Question 42

How does hypothalamus control these things?

Answer 42

1. releasing hormone production (TRH, GnRH, GHRH, CRH) 2. producing vasopressin and oxytocin 3. controlling the autonomic nervous system

Question 43

What does telencephalon consist of?

Answer 43

1. cortex 2. hippocampus 3. amygdala 4. basal ganglia

Question 44

What does cortex control?

Answer 44

perception, cognitive and motor functions

Question 45

What does hippocampus control?

Answer 45

memory formation, early memory storage, and spatial navigation

Question 46

What does amygdala control?

Answer 46

emotion, social behavior

Question 47

What does Basal ganglia control?

Answer 47

control of fine movements

Question 48

What makes up the limbic system?

Answer 48

hippocampus and amygdala

Question 49

Where is hippocampus

Answer 49

It has a banana shape and lies inside the medial temporal lobe

Question 50

What happens to patient if they have the medial temporal lobes surgically removed?

Answer 50

problems with consolidation of short term memory into long term memory

Question 51

What connects CA1 neurons to the CA3 neurons?

Answer 51

Schaffer collaterals

Question 52

What are the 4 major lobes of the cortex?

Answer 52

Front, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal

Question 53

What are the elevations and grooves of the cortex called?

Answer 53

It is elevations in the cortex

Question 54

What is functions of front lobe?

Answer 54

1.motor functions 2. thoughts 3. emotion 4. personality 5. speech production

Question 55

What is parietal lobe functions?

Answer 55

1. sensory function 2. math, thoughts

Question 56

What is occipital lobe functions?

Answer 56

visual function

Question 57

What is temporal lobe functions?

Answer 57

1. hearing 2. speech understanding

Question 58

What connects the left and right hemispheres?

Answer 58

corpus callosum

Question 59

Is the cortex organized?

Answer 59

Yes it has layers (6)

Question 60

What are the two major types of neurons in the CNS?

Answer 60

Projection neurons and Interneurons

Question 61

What are functions of Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)?

Answer 61

1. Physical support 2. Regulations the chemical environment of the brain

Question 62

What produces CSF?

Answer 62

Choroid plexus

Question 63

What are the general principles of functional neuroanatomy?

Answer 63

1. Each functional system involves several brain regions 2. Axon bundles link the components of a functional system 3. Topographical maps during information processing 4. Most circuits cross left-right, e.g. movement on the left side of the body is controlled by the right motor cortex 5. Hierarchical organization: inputs converge at the next level