Anatomy of the CNS Flashcards

1
Q

Who is the famous tennis player he talked about?

A

Roger Federer

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2
Q

What is regional neuroanatomy?

A

Looks at the spatial organization by subdivision

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3
Q

What if functional neuroanatomy?

A

Looks at what parts of nervous system work together in order to perform a function

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4
Q

What can you subdivide PNS into?

A

Somatic division and Autonomic divison

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5
Q

What can you subdivide autonomic division into?

A

Sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric system

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6
Q

What does sympathetic system do?

A

controls fight or flight

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7
Q

What does parasympathetic do?

A

controls rest and digest

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8
Q

What makes up the CNS?

A

brain and spinal cord

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9
Q

What makes up the brain?

A

cerebellum, brain stem, diencephalon, telencephalon

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10
Q

What makes up the brain stem?

A

medulla oblangata, pons, midbrain

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11
Q

What are the section planes?

A

Horizontal, Coronal, Sagittal

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12
Q

What causes tilt between forebrain and spinal cord axes?

A

cephalic flexure between midbrain and hindbrain

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13
Q

During human brain development when do the flexure(s) develop?

A

At 5 weeks, cervical flexure
At 7 weeks, cephalic and pontine flexure

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14
Q

What is rostral/caudal in the brain? in the spinal cord?

A

rostal means more toward the front in the brain. But in the spinal cord it means more towards the brain (up)

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15
Q

What does dorsal/ventral mean in the brain? in the spinal cord?

A

dorsal means superior in the brain. but in the spinal cord it means more towards the back

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16
Q

What is spinal cord functions?

A

1) processes sensory information
2) controls body movements
3) transmits sensory information in ascending tracts to the brain and motor information in descending tracts from the brain

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17
Q

Describe cross section of spinal cord

A

white matter, gray matter

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18
Q

Regions of spinal cord

A

Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral

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19
Q

Which region has largest cross section? Why?

A

Coervical level has most white matter, because of more ascending and descending axons

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20
Q

What is general functions of brainstem?

A

sensor and motor control of head, neck, and face; ascending and descending pathways

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21
Q

What is function of medulla?

A

1) regulation of blood pressure and respiration
2) important relay station in the principal pathway for touch
3) control of neck and facial muscles
4) arousal (reticular formation)

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22
Q

What are the two major tracts in medulla?

A

A) dorsal column/medial lemniscus system
B) corticospinal tract

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23
Q

how does dorsal column/medial lemniscus system work.

A

neuron from peripheral sensory receptor to medulla. next neuron connects medulla to thalamus. last neuron connects thalamus to primary sensory cortex

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24
Q

corticospinal tract

A

neuron from primary cortex to spinal cord. second neuron from spinal cord to skeletal muscle

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25
What is function of pons?
transmits information from cortex to cerebellum (allowing cerebellum to control movement)
26
What does midbrain contain?
Superior colliculus (controls eye movements) Inferior colliculus (controls hearing)
27
What is substantia niagra?
Part of midbrain that is important for voluntary movements (dopaminergic neurons damaged in Parkinson's disease)
28
What does cerebellum share in common with cerebral hemispheres?
lobes, fissures, convolutions
29
What are the 3 cell layers in cortex?
molecular, Purkinje, and granular layer
30
What is function of cerebellum?
1) Maintaining posture 2) coordinating head and eye movements 3) fine control of movements 4) cognitive functions (ie. language and decision making)
31
What makes purkinje neuron special?
It is an inhibitory projection neuron in the cerebellum
32
What is the only excitatory interneuron in the brain?
Granule cells
33
What does the diencephalon consist of?
Thalamus and Hypothalamus
34
Describe thalamus
It looks like 2 walnuts located between midbrain and cortex.
35
What does thalamus do?
1. transmission station for sensory information from the periphery to the cortex 2. Integrates motor information from cerebellum and basal ganglia and transmits to motor cortex
36
What are the thalamic nuclei we need to know? What do they contain?
ventral posterior lateral nucleus and lateral geniculate nucleus They contain relay neurons (interneurons)
37
What does the ventral posterior lateral nucleus do?
It is the relay nucleus for the dorsal column-medial lemniscus system that transmits somatosensory information to the primary somatosensory cortex.
38
What does the lateral geniculate nucleus do?
It connects primary visual cortex
39
What does the medial geniculate body do?
Processes auditory information to the auditory cortex
40
Describe Hypothalamus
Small (almond size in humans) and complex structure underneath thalamus
41
What does hypothalamus control?
1. growth 2. body temperature 3. sexual and reproductive behavior 4. eating, drinking 5. Motivation, emotion 6. circadian clock, sleep
42
How does hypothalamus control these things?
1. releasing hormone production (TRH, GnRH, GHRH, CRH) 2. producing vasopressin and oxytocin 3. controlling the autonomic nervous system
43
What does telencephalon consist of?
1. cortex 2. hippocampus 3. amygdala 4. basal ganglia
44
What does cortex control?
perception, cognitive and motor functions
45
What does hippocampus control?
memory formation, early memory storage, and spatial navigation
46
What does amygdala control?
emotion, social behavior
47
What does Basal ganglia control?
control of fine movements
48
What makes up the limbic system?
hippocampus and amygdala
49
Where is hippocampus
It has a banana shape and lies inside the medial temporal lobe
50
What happens to patient if they have the medial temporal lobes surgically removed?
problems with consolidation of short term memory into long term memory
51
What connects CA1 neurons to the CA3 neurons?
Schaffer collaterals
52
What are the 4 major lobes of the cortex?
Front, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal
53
What are the elevations and grooves of the cortex called?
It is elevations in the cortex
54
What is functions of front lobe?
1.motor functions 2. thoughts 3. emotion 4. personality 5. speech production
55
What is parietal lobe functions?
1. sensory function 2. math, thoughts
56
What is occipital lobe functions?
visual function
57
What is temporal lobe functions?
1. hearing 2. speech understanding
58
What connects the left and right hemispheres?
corpus callosum
59
Is the cortex organized?
Yes it has layers (6)
60
What are the two major types of neurons in the CNS?
Projection neurons and Interneurons
61
What are functions of Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)?
1. Physical support 2. Regulations the chemical environment of the brain
62
What produces CSF?
Choroid plexus
63
What are the general principles of functional neuroanatomy?
1. Each functional system involves several brain regions 2. Axon bundles link the components of a functional system 3. Topographical maps during information processing 4. Most circuits cross left-right, e.g. movement on the left side of the body is controlled by the right motor cortex 5. Hierarchical organization: inputs converge at the next level