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BIOL 436 > Anatomy of the CNS > Flashcards

Anatomy of the CNS Flashcards

1
Q

Who is the famous tennis player he talked about?

A

Roger Federer

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2
Q

What is regional neuroanatomy?

A

Looks at the spatial organization by subdivision

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3
Q

What if functional neuroanatomy?

A

Looks at what parts of nervous system work together in order to perform a function

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4
Q

What can you subdivide PNS into?

A

Somatic division and Autonomic divison

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5
Q

What can you subdivide autonomic division into?

A

Sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric system

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6
Q

What does sympathetic system do?

A

controls fight or flight

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7
Q

What does parasympathetic do?

A

controls rest and digest

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8
Q

What makes up the CNS?

A

brain and spinal cord

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9
Q

What makes up the brain?

A

cerebellum, brain stem, diencephalon, telencephalon

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10
Q

What makes up the brain stem?

A

medulla oblangata, pons, midbrain

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11
Q

What are the section planes?

A

Horizontal, Coronal, Sagittal

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12
Q

What causes tilt between forebrain and spinal cord axes?

A

cephalic flexure between midbrain and hindbrain

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13
Q

During human brain development when do the flexure(s) develop?

A

At 5 weeks, cervical flexure
At 7 weeks, cephalic and pontine flexure

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14
Q

What is rostral/caudal in the brain? in the spinal cord?

A

rostal means more toward the front in the brain. But in the spinal cord it means more towards the brain (up)

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15
Q

What does dorsal/ventral mean in the brain? in the spinal cord?

A

dorsal means superior in the brain. but in the spinal cord it means more towards the back

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16
Q

What is spinal cord functions?

A

1) processes sensory information
2) controls body movements
3) transmits sensory information in ascending tracts to the brain and motor information in descending tracts from the brain

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17
Q

Describe cross section of spinal cord

A

white matter, gray matter

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18
Q

Regions of spinal cord

A

Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral

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19
Q

Which region has largest cross section? Why?

A

Coervical level has most white matter, because of more ascending and descending axons

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20
Q

What is general functions of brainstem?

A

sensor and motor control of head, neck, and face; ascending and descending pathways

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21
Q

What is function of medulla?

A

1) regulation of blood pressure and respiration
2) important relay station in the principal pathway for touch
3) control of neck and facial muscles
4) arousal (reticular formation)

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22
Q

What are the two major tracts in medulla?

A

A) dorsal column/medial lemniscus system
B) corticospinal tract

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23
Q

how does dorsal column/medial lemniscus system work.

A

neuron from peripheral sensory receptor to medulla. next neuron connects medulla to thalamus. last neuron connects thalamus to primary sensory cortex

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24
Q

corticospinal tract

A

neuron from primary cortex to spinal cord. second neuron from spinal cord to skeletal muscle

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25
Q

What is function of pons?

A

transmits information from cortex to cerebellum (allowing cerebellum to control movement)

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26
Q

What does midbrain contain?

A

Superior colliculus (controls eye movements)
Inferior colliculus (controls hearing)

27
Q

What is substantia niagra?

A

Part of midbrain that is important for voluntary movements (dopaminergic neurons damaged in Parkinson’s disease)

28
Q

What does cerebellum share in common with cerebral hemispheres?

A

lobes, fissures, convolutions

29
Q

What are the 3 cell layers in cortex?

A

molecular, Purkinje, and granular layer

30
Q

What is function of cerebellum?

A

1) Maintaining posture
2) coordinating head and eye movements
3) fine control of movements
4) cognitive functions (ie. language and decision making)

31
Q

What makes purkinje neuron special?

A

It is an inhibitory projection neuron in the cerebellum

32
Q

What is the only excitatory interneuron in the brain?

A

Granule cells

33
Q

What does the diencephalon consist of?

A

Thalamus and Hypothalamus

34
Q

Describe thalamus

A

It looks like 2 walnuts located between midbrain and cortex.

35
Q

What does thalamus do?

A
  1. transmission station for sensory information from the periphery to the cortex
  2. Integrates motor information from cerebellum and basal ganglia and transmits to motor cortex
36
Q

What are the thalamic nuclei we need to know? What do they contain?

A

ventral posterior lateral nucleus and lateral geniculate nucleus
They contain relay neurons (interneurons)

37
Q

What does the ventral posterior lateral nucleus do?

A

It is the relay nucleus for the dorsal column-medial lemniscus system that transmits somatosensory information to the primary somatosensory cortex.

38
Q

What does the lateral geniculate nucleus do?

A

It connects primary visual cortex

39
Q

What does the medial geniculate body do?

A

Processes auditory information to the auditory cortex

40
Q

Describe Hypothalamus

A

Small (almond size in humans) and complex structure underneath thalamus

41
Q

What does hypothalamus control?

A
  1. growth
  2. body temperature
  3. sexual and reproductive behavior
  4. eating, drinking
  5. Motivation, emotion
  6. circadian clock, sleep
42
Q

How does hypothalamus control these things?

A
  1. releasing hormone production (TRH, GnRH, GHRH, CRH)
  2. producing vasopressin and oxytocin
  3. controlling the autonomic nervous system
43
Q

What does telencephalon consist of?

A
  1. cortex
  2. hippocampus
  3. amygdala
  4. basal ganglia
44
Q

What does cortex control?

A

perception, cognitive and motor functions

45
Q

What does hippocampus control?

A

memory formation, early memory storage, and spatial navigation

46
Q

What does amygdala control?

A

emotion, social behavior

47
Q

What does Basal ganglia control?

A

control of fine movements

48
Q

What makes up the limbic system?

A

hippocampus and amygdala

49
Q

Where is hippocampus

A

It has a banana shape and lies inside the medial temporal lobe

50
Q

What happens to patient if they have the medial temporal lobes surgically removed?

A

problems with consolidation of short term memory into long term memory

51
Q

What connects CA1 neurons to the CA3 neurons?

A

Schaffer collaterals

52
Q

What are the 4 major lobes of the cortex?

A

Front, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal

53
Q

What are the elevations and grooves of the cortex called?

A

It is elevations in the cortex

54
Q

What is functions of front lobe?

A

1.motor functions
2. thoughts
3. emotion
4. personality
5. speech production

55
Q

What is parietal lobe functions?

A
  1. sensory function
  2. math, thoughts
56
Q

What is occipital lobe functions?

A

visual function

57
Q

What is temporal lobe functions?

A
  1. hearing
  2. speech understanding
58
Q

What connects the left and right hemispheres?

A

corpus callosum

59
Q

Is the cortex organized?

A

Yes it has layers (6)

60
Q

What are the two major types of neurons in the CNS?

A

Projection neurons and Interneurons

61
Q

What are functions of Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)?

A
  1. Physical support
  2. Regulations the chemical environment of the brain
62
Q

What produces CSF?

A

Choroid plexus

63
Q

What are the general principles of functional neuroanatomy?

A
  1. Each functional system involves several brain regions
  2. Axon bundles link the components of a functional system
  3. Topographical maps during information processing
  4. Most circuits cross left-right, e.g. movement on the left side of the body is controlled by the right motor cortex
  5. Hierarchical organization: inputs converge at the next level

BIOL 436 (33 decks)

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